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Program Code: AU000043S


00:01 - The problem of evil is possibly the biggest question
00:03 behind every philosophical pursuit.
00:05 How can God possibly be good,
00:07 But the world we live in happens to be evil?
00:11 That's the question we're going to visit today.
00:13 [upbeat ambient music]
00:34 Recently, we were talking about the problem of evil and how
00:39 philosophers have been wrestling with that
00:40 for a really, really long time.
00:42 And in particular,
00:43 we kind of zeroed in on Gottfried Leibniz,
00:46 the German philosopher who coined the word, theodicy.
00:49 And theodicy is a word we use to describe
00:53 an answer to the question of evil.
00:55 Well, to be more exact, theodicy refers to an explanation
00:59 of how God can be pure and good,
01:01 and the creator of all things,
01:04 and still not be responsible for evil and suffering.
01:07 To put the question simply,
01:09 how is it possible to have a good God
01:11 and a bad world at the same time?
01:14 Leibniz suggested the reason we have trouble explaining this
01:18 is because we simply don't know enough.
01:20 It's kind of like the dark mirror that Paul describes
01:24 in first Corinthians chapter 13,
01:26 which interestingly enough
01:28 happens to be known as the love chapter.
01:30 And to me, that seems appropriate because,
01:32 well, love just might be the concept
01:35 that solves the problem of evil.
01:38 [tranquil ambient music] The really big question
01:39 back in the 18th century was how to account for a good God
01:44 and natural disasters.
01:45 I mean, it was easy enough
01:47 to lay the blame for bad moral choices
01:49 at the feet of human free will because,
01:52 well, when somebody commits murder,
01:54 it's pretty clear that the murderer caused the suffering.
01:58 But what about natural disasters?
01:59 How in the world do you account for those?
02:02 People like the skeptic Voltaire said, that you can't,
02:07 in fact, in one of his most famous books,
02:10 a novel named "Candide",
02:12 he creates this story where a lot of really bad things
02:15 happen to one man, but this character keeps saying,
02:18 oh, it's all part of God's will.
02:20 Now, if I remember this correctly,
02:22 and it's been a long time since I read this,
02:24 the lead character
02:26 was supposed to represent Gottfried Leibniz
02:28 and all the people who thought like him.
02:30 From Voltaire's perspective, suggesting that bad things
02:34 might somehow be a part of God's bigger plan
02:37 isn't so much an act of faith,
02:39 like in the story of Jobe in the Bible,
02:42 but to Voltaire, it was an act so stupidity.
02:44 He was arguing that only a dimwit
02:47 could possibly accept the notion of a good God
02:49 who intervenes in the affairs of human beings,
02:52 especially after living in this world,
02:55 a place that is clearly full of problems.
02:58 Leibniz said, it is possible to see that God is good
03:02 if only we had more understanding.
03:05 Voltaire said, huh-uh, I don't believe that.
03:09 Voltaire said it's much more likely
03:12 that if God created this planet in the first place,
03:14 he left a really long time ago
03:17 and now it's up to us to mitigate the evil in this world.
03:20 Now, a modern atheist might agree with that,
03:25 except that a modern atheist
03:26 would probably add the idea that God doesn't exist at all.
03:31 Back in Voltaire's day,
03:33 a lot of the debates surrounding the goodness of God
03:36 was really anchored in the destruction
03:38 of Lisbon earthquake,
03:40 which devastated the capital of Portugal back in 1755.
03:46 Voltaire used that disaster to ask,
03:48 how could God allow something that bad to happen.
03:53 Today a similar debate
03:55 seems to be raging over the COVID-19 pandemic,
03:57 at least in some corners of the internet,
04:01 people are asking, where is God in all this?
04:04 For example, I recently came across an individual on Twitter
04:08 who was asking for prayer
04:09 because he was on his way to the hospital
04:12 with a severely damaged lung.
04:14 Another individual responded
04:16 and he took the time to type out the words
04:19 of a prayer for healing,
04:21 and that prompted this rather sarcastic response
04:24 from somebody else who tweeted,
04:25 "Sure, because this'll work, wake up, God have,"
04:30 he probably should have said has,
04:31 "God have probably much more interesting things to do
04:34 than care about some bacteria,
04:35 because if he is truly that powerful,
04:38 we are no more than small something for him."
04:41 [chuckles] Now, of course,
04:42 COVID isn't a bacteria, but you kind of get the point.
04:46 This is another rehashed version of the same old argument.
04:50 Where is God when bad things happen?
04:52 But in this case, this guy's suggesting
04:54 that God is simply busy doing more important things
04:57 than to care about us.
04:59 And again, an atheist might be prone to suggest
05:03 it's far more likely that God isn't even real.
05:07 So I guess the question we need to wrestle with is this,
05:11 what does the Bible say?
05:13 The way some skeptics talk about the problem of evil,
05:16 you'd think the Bible ignores the question,
05:19 but I'm telling you,
05:20 nothing could be further from the truth.
05:21 The Bible does underline Leibniz's assertion
05:25 that our human knowledge is too incomplete
05:27 to be able to fully grasp the mind of God,
05:30 which we looked at a little bit
05:32 last time we talked about this.
05:34 But here's where the Bible does not harmonize with Leibniz.
05:38 He believed that scientific discovery in human logic
05:42 we're going to progress enough
05:43 to make it possible for you and I
05:45 to understand the problem of suffering
05:47 from a scientific point of view.
05:50 And then we would finally see
05:52 how the ledger of the universe tilts toward the good,
05:56 what Leibniz argued
05:57 is that God is a pure and perfect creator,
06:00 just the way that most of us have been taught.
06:03 God created matter in the first place, Leibniz said,
06:05 but then he was somehow restricted by the laws of existence
06:09 when that matter was put together
06:10 in order to create forms or various objects.
06:14 So Leibniz argued that God did create
06:16 the best possible world based on that restriction.
06:21 And it simply wasn't possible to make the world any better.
06:24 Of course, that seems like a really simple solution
06:28 to the problem of suffering,
06:29 he was arguing that life has to be like this
06:32 because there's no better way to do it,
06:35 but that kind of leaves us
06:36 with something less than an all powerful God.
06:40 I mean, what kind of God is always, always, always bound
06:44 by the physical laws of the universe that he created?
06:49 So the critics were really quick
06:51 to pounce on Leibniz for saying that,
06:53 and I'll admit, it's got all kinds of problems.
06:55 I mean, why in the world
06:57 would God be smaller than his own universe?
07:01 [tranquil ambient music] But then,
07:03 how should we understand the fact
07:05 that we have a good God and a bad world?
07:07 How do we account
07:09 for the existence of natural disasters or pandemics?
07:12 How do we explain suffering?
07:15 What about something like a terrible earthquake,
07:17 or even the black plague?
07:19 How do you account for that stuff?
07:22 Now, I really doubt I'm gonna be able to answer this
07:25 to anybody's satisfaction with just half an hour,
07:27 but let me take a stab at this anyway.
07:30 And I think today I'm going to move away
07:32 from the musings of human philosophers
07:34 and just have a quick look at what the Bible actually says,
07:38 because after all, according to Christians,
07:40 this book is the revealed will of God.
07:44 And if God is real,
07:45 then he should be able to explain himself.
07:48 The first thing I think I wanna point out
07:50 is how Leibniz was right by suggesting
07:53 that our human capacity for understanding is rather limited.
07:57 Even though he believed that we would eventually develop
08:00 a sort of science of the mind that would give us
08:03 the philosophical language we need to solve the problem,
08:06 as if it was a math equation.
08:08 After all, he was coming from a time
08:11 when we were exploring the idea
08:13 that the universe could be measured or quantified
08:16 and ultimately understood.
08:19 And it eventually,
08:20 maybe we could just use numbers to understand everything
08:23 and not just the hard sciences.
08:26 Now, when Leibniz said that,
08:28 you and I don't really have the ability
08:31 to understand God completely, but that's true.
08:34 Although we do find a bit of a double edged sword
08:37 when it comes to understanding the mind of God.
08:41 But now it's time to take a quick break.
08:42 So hang tough, because in a moment,
08:45 I'll come back and show you
08:46 what I mean by this double edge sword.
08:52 [intense ambient music] - Dragons, beasts,
08:54 cryptic statues,
08:56 Bible prophecy can be incredibly vivid and confusing.
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09:03 and come away scratching your head, you are not alone.
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09:22 - The English poet, Alexander Pope
09:24 believed that we would eventually discover
09:27 that the universe really is a good place
09:29 and that our faith in God has never, ever been misplaced.
09:33 I mean, sure, the world might seem evil,
09:36 but that's because we don't have the right perspective.
09:39 Not yet.
09:41 But in time Pope argued, our discoveries are going to prove
09:44 that everything really is good
09:46 and that God has always had a plan.
09:48 Here's the way he put it in his famous "Essay on Man".
09:51 he writes, "All nature is bud art, unknown to thee,
09:56 all chance, direction, which thou canst not see;
10:00 All discord, harmony not understood;
10:03 All partial evil, universal good;
10:06 And spite of pride in erring reason's spite,
10:09 one truth is clear, 'Whatever is, is right'."
10:14 It was another way of saying
10:15 that whatever seems wrong this world
10:16 is just really a product of our inability
10:19 to comprehend the universe.
10:21 But eventually he said,
10:22 we're going to discover that everything is in fact
10:25 very, very good,
10:26 because it all started with God in the first place.
10:30 Now just before the break,
10:31 I mentioned the idea
10:32 of really understanding the mind of God.
10:35 Well, it's a bit of a double edged sword.
10:38 On the one hand, the Bible tells us
10:40 that we can't understand the mind of God like,
10:42 well, in this chapter, from Isaiah chapter 55,
10:47 where the Bible says,
10:48 "For as the heavens are higher than the earth", God says,
10:51 "So my ways are higher than your ways
10:54 and my thoughts than your thoughts."
10:58 What it's really telling us
10:59 is that God's perspective on the universe
11:02 and our perspective are miles apart.
11:05 And we are never going to have
11:06 the same level of understanding that God has.
11:10 To put it another way,
11:12 we are always going to have to live by faith
11:14 because we will never be God.
11:17 But then at the same time,
11:19 the Bible suggests that we can know God,
11:22 and we can know him in a really meaningful way.
11:25 Here's what it says over in Jeremiah chapter nine,
11:28 which happens to be one of my favorite parts of the Bible.
11:31 This passage begins in verse 23, where it says,
11:35 "Thus says the Lord, let not the wise man in his wisdom,
11:39 let not the mighty man glory in his might,
11:41 nor let the rich man glory in his riches,
11:44 but let him who glory's glory in this
11:46 that he understands and knows me,
11:49 that I am the Lord exercising loving kindness,
11:51 judgment, and righteousness in the earth
11:54 for in these things I delight." says the Lord.
11:58 So on the one hand, the Bible tells us
12:00 that God is incomprehensible to the human mind,
12:04 but then on the other, it invites us to understand him.
12:07 The book of Psalms tells us
12:09 that God has made darkness his secret place.
12:12 First King's eight verse 12,
12:13 it says, "The Lord said he would dwell in the dark cloud."
12:18 It's just another way of saying
12:19 that the nature of God is too big of a mystery
12:22 for our human brains to fully grasp.
12:25 You and I are like ants exploring a house,
12:29 trying to understand what human experience is all about.
12:32 There are things about God the Bible says
12:35 that we will never understand,
12:38 but then on the other hand,
12:39 God invites us to know him, at least in part.
12:41 And he says that we're going to discover
12:43 that he exercises loving kindness,
12:46 judgment, and righteousness.
12:48 His key character traits
12:51 and the very things that most skeptics doubt.
12:55 So according to the Bible,
12:56 it is possible to see that God is good
12:59 and to understand the world is bad at the very same time.
13:03 And I suspect that part of the problem for our generation
13:07 is that we want an easy answer.
13:09 We want a preacher to explain this in 10 words or less
13:12 so we can just get on our day.
13:15 But the process of knowing an eternal God
13:17 is the work of a lifetime.
13:19 And it means that you're gonna have to read this whole book,
13:24 and not just once.
13:26 So, I really doubt I'm gonna satisfy anybody's curiosity
13:30 with a few short minutes, and if I'm really honest,
13:33 I'd have to admit,
13:34 I'm still working on the problem for myself,
13:37 but let me show you just a few things I've discovered,
13:39 and maybe it can start you
13:41 on a path to meaningful discovery.
13:44 First of all,
13:45 the Bible really does insist that God is good
13:48 and that is creation was perfect,
13:50 at least in the beginning.
13:52 On the sixth day of creation, after God made the human race,
13:56 he stepped back and said, this is very good.
14:00 So the problem of evil did not exist in the very beginning.
14:04 But then the Bible suggests that somehow our actions,
14:08 our choices compromised that original goodness
14:11 and plunged the world into chaos.
14:13 And it wasn't just our moral choices that were compromised,
14:17 the entire creation was somehow affected by what we did.
14:23 That would mean that philosophers like Leibniz
14:26 were quite correct.
14:27 There is some kind of correlation between our moral choices
14:31 and the natural evils that take place in this world
14:34 independent of our actions.
14:36 You'll notice that after Adam fell from grace,
14:39 God told him the world was gonna become,
14:41 well, a much tougher place.
14:43 This is what God says to Adam in Genesis 3:17, he says,
14:49 "Cursed is the ground for your sake;
14:51 in toil you shall eat of it all the days of your life.
14:55 Both thorns and thistles that shall bring forth for you,
14:57 and you shall eat the herb of the field.
15:00 In the sweat of your face,
15:02 you shall eat bread till you return to the ground,
15:04 for out of it, you were taken, for dust you are,
15:07 and to dust, you shall return."
15:11 Somehow the original act of disobedience
15:13 changed the nature of the whole planet,
15:16 which was originally designed
15:18 as a home for perfect human beings
15:20 who reflected the glory and purity of God.
15:23 In fact, the Bible says,
15:24 we were given dominion over the earth,
15:27 but then we sold that dominion
15:28 to a fallen angel for a bunch of empty promises,
15:32 which means the world is now radically different
15:34 than it used to be
15:36 because we compromised the original design,
15:39 that design where human beings served as managers
15:42 or stewards of God's creation.
15:45 And that's the question
15:47 that some of the enlightenment philosophers
15:49 were struggling with,
15:51 is there a connection between moral evil,
15:54 which happens because of our choices and natural evil,
15:57 or the way the planet treats us?
16:00 The biblical answer is yes.
16:03 In fact, in the book of Colossians
16:05 where Paul is describing Jesus as the creator of this world,
16:09 he makes an interesting statement
16:11 that we really shouldn't overlook, he says,
16:14 "For it pleased the father that in him",
16:17 that's Christ, "all the fullness should dwell,
16:20 and by Him to reconcile all things to himself, by Him,
16:24 whether things on earth or things in heaven,
16:28 having made peace through the blood of His cross."
16:32 Now what you need to notice in this passage
16:34 is that Christ was redeeming the human race,
16:37 a concept that most people can grasp because,
16:40 well, human beings have deep seated moral issues.
16:43 And we know that we cause a lot of pain,
16:47 but then it also says
16:49 that he was reconciling the things in heaven too.
16:52 In other other words,
16:53 the effect of our rebellion against God
16:55 has had very far reaching consequences
16:58 and God's entire universe has been effected.
17:03 We saw the same thing
17:04 in a passage we looked at the last time, we talked about,
17:07 this from Romans chapter eight,
17:09 where it tells us that the entire creation
17:11 is groaning as we wait on God's solution.
17:14 And when he implements that solution,
17:16 when he reestablishes the kingdom of God,
17:18 then all the problems get solved for good.
17:21 So the connection between moral evil
17:24 and natural evil is absolutely there in the Bible.
17:28 But the big question is, why would God allow that?
17:32 And here's why we have to be really, really careful.
17:35 Last time we talked about this,
17:36 I shared a quote from a 19th century writer
17:38 I thought made a really important point,
17:41 and I think we should look at it again,
17:43 just to set the table for the rest of today's show.
17:46 This comes from the Christian classic,
17:48 "The Great Controversy" where it says,
17:51 "It is impossible to so explain the origin of sin
17:54 as to give a reason for its existence.
17:57 Yet enough may be understood concerning both the origin
18:00 and the final disposition of sin,
18:03 to fully make manifest the justice and benevolence of God
18:06 in all his dealings with evil.
18:08 Nothing is more plainly taught in scripture
18:11 than that God was in no wise responsible
18:14 for the entrance of sin;
18:16 that there was no arbitrary withdrawal of divine grace,
18:20 no deficiency in the divine government,
18:22 that gave occasion for the uprising of rebellion.
18:25 Sin is an intruder,
18:27 for whose presence no reason can be given.
18:30 It is mysterious, unaccountable;
18:32 to excuse it is to defend it.
18:35 Could excuse for it be found
18:37 or cause be shown for its existence,
18:39 it would cease to be sin."
18:42 So let me just underline that for a minute,
18:43 because that makes really good sense.
18:46 The Bible defines sin
18:47 as a transgression against God's moral law,
18:51 but if you can find a good excuse for doing that,
18:54 then sin might not be wrong
18:56 because, well, you found a good reason.
18:58 So with that limitation in mind,
19:01 let's take another quick break
19:02 and then come back to ask one last important question,
19:05 how can a loving God permit the existence of evil
19:10 in the first place?
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19:44 - Right before the break, we asked this big question,
19:46 how can a God whose very character is defined as love
19:50 permit the existence of evil in this world?
19:54 And the answer to the question
19:55 might be found in the concept of love.
19:59 [upbeat ambient music] Love is another
20:00 one of those things that we really struggle to explain.
20:03 In fact, I think we struggle with the question of love
20:06 just as much as we struggle with the question of evil,
20:09 because it's really hard to create a good definition
20:12 of what love actually is.
20:15 And judging by the number of heartbreak songs
20:17 there on Spotify, the problem of pain and suffering
20:21 also appears to be tied in very intimately
20:24 to the question of love.
20:26 I mean, just try to define what love is simply.
20:29 We know it's something more than affection,
20:32 we know it more than the warm fuzzies.
20:35 The very best writers in history
20:37 have struggled to adequately describe what love is,
20:41 and yet the Bible describes this
20:43 as God's most essential characteristic.
20:46 First John four verse eight says, "
20:48 He who does not love does not know God, for God is love."
20:54 Now just because we struggle to understand what love is,
20:57 that doesn't mean that we don't know love is real.
21:00 It's just complicated.
21:02 And some small part of us understands
21:04 that love couldn't possibly
21:06 just be an accident of the universe,
21:08 an accident of physics,
21:10 something that happened when cosmic particles
21:12 smashed into each other in the primordial universe.
21:16 There is absolutely no reason for the existence of love
21:21 if the universe was an accident, and yet there it is.
21:25 And it's obviously a very real thing.
21:29 So now we've gotta ask ourselves, what does love require?
21:32 Well, it requires freedom, it requires choice.
21:36 If I can't love you of my own free will,
21:39 then it's not really love.
21:41 And if I don't have the choice to not love you,
21:44 then love doesn't really mean anything.
21:47 And that's the crux of the problem.
21:50 The human race was created to reflect the glory
21:53 and the character of a loving God.
21:56 That means we had to be able to love
21:58 because that's what God is.
22:02 We were created for relationships,
22:04 which is obvious to anybody
22:06 who observes people just doing what people do.
22:10 So unless the human race was going to be something
22:13 other than a reflection of God,
22:15 something that wasn't made in his image,
22:18 there had to be such a thing as a meaningful choice.
22:22 The story of the Garden of Eden describes a choice.
22:26 The way some people tell the story,
22:28 that tree of knowledge in the garden was poisonous,
22:30 that's why it kills.
22:32 But that's not at all what the Bible says.
22:35 That tree represented choice
22:39 and the ability to love God freely because we wanted to.
22:45 But of course, that does create a new conundrum
22:46 because you've got to wonder
22:48 why would ever take the risk of giving us choice,
22:52 yet again though, this is not that hard to solve,
22:55 ask any parent, or for that matter, any pet owner,
22:58 why they take that risk.
23:01 And then you start to see it.
23:03 Go ask a five year old
23:04 if you'd rather have a wind up puppy
23:06 or a battery operated puppy than a real one,
23:09 you know what the answer's gonna be.
23:11 They want the real puppy,
23:13 yet that real puppy might pee on the carpet
23:15 or scratch the door or annoy the neighbors
23:18 by barking at two o'clock in the morning,
23:20 but people still think that's worth the risk
23:23 because there's a reciprocal relationship.
23:26 A real dog can love you back.
23:29 A real baby is going to grow up
23:31 and a real baby is gonna refuse to do his chores,
23:34 or they're gonna argue with you
23:36 or crack up the family car or worse.
23:39 And you know that in advance
23:41 because you were once a child yourself,
23:43 but yet you still want a baby because a baby can love you.
23:48 And we all know that love is worth the risk.
23:53 Okay, it is time for one last break,
23:55 and then one last question, why in the world
23:57 didn't God just stomp evil out of existence
24:00 the moment it began?
24:02 I'll be right back after this.
24:08 [tranquil ambient music] - Life can throw a lot at us.
24:10 Sometimes we don't have all the answers,
24:13 but that's where the Bible comes in.
24:16 It's our guide to a more fulfilling life.
24:18 Here at the Voice of Prophecy,
24:20 we've created the discover Bible guides
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24:26 and provide answers to many of life's toughest questions.
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24:31 So jump online now,
24:33 or give us a call and start your journey of discovery.
24:37 - Let's say I'm still a little kid.
24:39 One day, my brother approaches me and says, listen,
24:41 I think there's something really wrong with dad
24:43 and I don't think we can trust him.
24:46 In essence that's what the Bible describes
24:48 when it talks about what happened with Lucifer,
24:50 he was trying to convince the universe
24:52 that something was wrong with God
24:54 and that he should be running the show.
24:56 The Bible says in Isaiah 14,
24:58 "For you have said in your heart, I will ascended to heaven,
25:01 I will exalt my throne above the stars of God;
25:04 I will also sit on the Mount of the congregation
25:06 on the farthest sides of the north;
25:08 I will ascend above the heights of the clouds,
25:10 I will be like the most high."
25:13 It was a breakdown of trust.
25:15 So let's suppose my brother does the same thing with dad,
25:18 and he says, look, something's wrong with dad?
25:20 I don't think we can trust him.
25:22 And the next thing you know, my brother goes missing
25:24 because dad has taken him out back, shot him,
25:27 buried him in the garden to get rid of the problem.
25:29 Now the evil influence is gone,
25:31 but what does that method of dealing with it suggest to me,
25:35 the one who was listening to my brother's lies?
25:37 It's going to suggest maybe my brother was right,
25:39 maybe there is something wrong with that
25:41 and maybe I can't trust him.
25:43 Now from that point forward, I will obey my father,
25:46 but I'm probably not gonna love him, in fact,
25:48 I'm probably gonna look to get out of there.
25:51 So here's the situation with God,
25:53 according to the scriptures,
25:54 you and I are not alone in this universe.
25:56 And there were other beings suggesting
25:58 that God is some kind of tyrant,
26:00 a creator who can't be trusted.
26:02 And what's fascinating to me is
26:04 when I hear that same kind of reasoning
26:06 emerge in the arguments of skeptics, because,
26:10 well, it's just another version of a very old story.
26:12 If God had simply decimated the beings
26:15 who were questioning his character,
26:17 what would it say about their claims?
26:19 It would probably make the problem worse.
26:21 So what God has chosen to do is allow evil to run its course
26:24 so that everybody can see the result for themselves.
26:28 And when we have finally had enough,
26:30 when we finally recognize evil for what it is,
26:34 God will blow the whistle and reset the entire planet.
26:38 That way we will finally understand,
26:40 and we will never choose this life again.
26:44 And we can go on loving God
26:46 without God ever having to take away our freedom of choice.
26:50 I guess it's kind of like learning not to touch a hot stove.
26:53 You could tie a child up so they never experience harm,
26:57 but that would deny them the ability to grow up
27:00 and fend for themselves.
27:01 They would never become autonomous human beings.
27:04 So sometimes the only way to prevent long term harm
27:08 is to actually touch the stove
27:10 and learn that stoves are dangerous.
27:12 So right now, according to the Bible,
27:15 we are experiencing exactly what we chose
27:18 and it's affected absolutely
27:20 every facet of our existence for now.
27:24 This tragically is how we learn to love and to trust
27:28 and to maintain our freedom to choose forever.
27:33 And at some point in the near future, the Bible says,
27:35 God will stop the experiment
27:38 and allow us back into his presence.
27:40 The Bible ends by saying,
27:41 "I saw a new heaven and a new earth,
27:43 for the first heaven
27:45 and the first earth had passed away
27:46 and God will wipe away every tear from their eyes,
27:49 there shall be no more death, nor sorrow, nor crying,
27:52 there shall be no more pain,
27:54 for the former things have passed away."
27:57 Here's the deal, the Bible does offer solid explanations,
28:02 but you're gonna have to read the whole book to find them.
28:05 Thanks for joining me, I'm Shawn Boonstra.
28:07 This has been Authentic.
28:10 [upbeat ambient music]


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Revised 2022-03-09