Participants:
Series Code: EI
Program Code: EI190006S
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00:36 Welcome back to our series, Evolution Impossible,
00:39 where we are currently exploring whether the fossil record 00:42 supports evolution. 00:44 My name is Dr. Sven string, and we're privileged to have 00:46 Dr. John Aston joining us again. 00:49 Thanks for being here. 00:50 And we also have Justin Torossian. 00:53 Good to have you here. 00:54 My good friend, Morgan Vincent, and also Stephen Aveling-Rowe. 00:58 We love hearing your infectious laugh. 01:01 You know, it's an all male team, guys. 01:03 But that's fine. 01:04 One of the things that we have in evolution 01:07 is that there is a fairly smooth transition 01:09 from species of an animal to another. 01:12 So there should have been a whole lot of animals 01:15 in between fish and reptiles, 01:17 and in the same way between dinosaurs and birds. 01:20 This means that there should have been a lot of fossils 01:23 of these intermediate animals. 01:25 The question is, do these fossils exist? 01:28 It feels a little bit like a detective story, 01:31 looking for the links in the chain. 01:33 So, John, going back to our previous episode, 01:36 we had a question about uniformitarianism. 01:39 It's a long word. 01:41 But, can you share with us, what is that concept? 01:44 And how does it apply to geology, 01:46 and also fossils as well? 01:49 Okay, so the concept of uniformitarianism, 01:52 I think I mentioned briefly, was proposed by James Hutton 01:56 in one of his books that he wrote about 1785. 01:59 And the idea was that the processes on earth 02:02 had been going on much as they are today, 02:05 but for millions of years. 02:07 And so, we get these gradual changes over time. 02:11 You know, boulders are rounded over time by wind action, 02:14 there's wave action eroding rocks. 02:17 And so, by studying what happens today, 02:20 we can assume that essentially happened over the past. 02:25 Now, one of the reasons why this is very important is that 02:30 evolution requires a lot of generations 02:34 to produce all these supposed mutations 02:38 to evolve new creatures. 02:39 So they need long periods of time. 02:42 And therefore, the Bible's short time frame didn't fit that. 02:47 So they needed very, very long times 02:51 for evolution to fit; the evolutionary model. 02:54 And John, one of the questions I have is that, 02:56 obviously scientists recognize there are extinction events. 03:01 Meteorites, you know, being crashed into the earth, 03:06 and things like that. 03:08 So you've got these catastrophes and 03:10 you've got these uniformitarian processes. 03:12 So how do they decide whether it's a catastrophe 03:15 or a uniformitarian process which is actually 03:18 generating this geological feature? 03:21 Well okay, that's an interesting question. 03:24 I mean, we've got the layer of particular mineralization 03:30 associated with the extinction of the dinosaurs 03:33 at the end of the Cretaceous, and this sort of thing. 03:36 One of the theories for that is that it was a meteorite 03:39 impact, and so forth. 03:41 But the thing is, we actually don't know the mechanism. 03:45 Where did the meteorite land? 03:47 You know, there's so many... 03:48 Anybody can put up all sorts of theories. 03:52 But what does the evidence tell us? 03:54 The evidence tells us that there was a massive water-based 03:57 catastrophic event that eliminated and buried the 04:02 animals, you know, as opposed to all these... 04:05 You know, we can all sit around the fire and come up with 04:08 fanciful events, and a meteorite hitting, 04:10 and tidal waves, and all this sort of thing. 04:13 And it's true, there are catastrophic events. 04:16 And we can probably discuss that in more detail. 04:18 ~ Sure. 04:19 And one of the things which really interests people 04:21 is dinosaurs. 04:23 And it's a fascinating topic. 04:25 And I know Justin, you actually had a real 04:27 interest in this topic as well. 04:29 So did you have a question on that for John? 04:30 Yeah, I did. 04:32 In chapter 5, the last chapter, but it ties into this one 04:34 because of the fossil record, you bring up how 04:37 Dr. Mary Schweitzer and her team discovered a T-Rex 04:41 with soft tissue in it. 04:42 And you listed a number of others that I hadn't heard. 04:45 And my question is, I first read an article by Mary Schweitzer 04:50 about their discover a few years ago, 04:52 and she said that when they realized that this was 04:56 a not fully fossilized T-Rex, she said, "I just got chills, 05:02 because we all know these things don't last 05:04 for millions of years." 05:06 And so, considering these things are not really trumpeted 05:09 and most people don't know about them, 05:11 but at the same time they're not hidden and buried, 05:13 what is the scientific community doing with this? 05:17 And Schweitzer and her team, and others, what do they, 05:20 what do they believe about it, since it's not something that 05:23 last for millions of years? 05:25 Right, well it's very interesting, when we study 05:27 the chemistry of these biopolymer molecules, 05:30 these long chain molecules that are associated with the 05:32 soft tissue remains that they discovered there, 05:36 we've done experiments at different temperatures 05:38 and we know how quickly they would break down. 05:40 For example, DNA, if it's stored at about 20 degrees, 05:46 for example, they wouldn't last only a short period of time. 05:50 If it was only 10 degrees, the average temperature, 05:52 it might last a few thousand years longer, 05:54 and this sort of thing. 05:56 So the fact that we find these long polymer molecules 05:59 seriously challenges the long age dates, 06:04 for the dinosaurs for example. 06:06 And we find soft tissues in other things. 06:09 They've extracted DNA from leaves and other things as well. 06:12 But one of the issues that they're facing now is, 06:15 well okay, under the conditions that they were buried, 06:18 somehow they were preserved. 06:21 You know, so really it defies our current biochemical 06:26 understanding of the stability of these molecules 06:29 as studied by chemists. 06:31 So the chemists say, "Well hang on, those molecules 06:33 can't last that long." 06:35 The geologists, if they cling to their long ages, 06:38 they say, "Well they must have. 06:40 So there must be some other mechanism that has 06:42 help preserve them that we don't know. 06:44 Maybe there's some iron there, or..." 06:47 You know, they're putting forward all sorts of 06:49 suggestions that maybe there's some preservation mechanism. 06:53 But really, they have found so many different 06:55 types of soft tissue now in the dinosaur remains 06:59 that really these other attempts to come up with 07:03 preservation mechanisms just don't fit known chemistry. 07:06 So the bottom line is, it's pointing that they can't 07:09 be millions of years old. 07:10 They must be only thousands of years old to make sense. 07:12 So John, part of what happens in evolutionary science, 07:15 it sounds to me like if you come across some phenomena, 07:18 then evolutionary science is just looking for an explanation 07:23 which could confirm evolution rather than 07:26 necessarily trying to find what actually happened. 07:28 Is that what happens, you know, in terms of this real push 07:31 towards evolutionary explanations that are going on? 07:34 Oh, definitely. 07:35 I mean, because this is the dominant paradigm in science. 07:39 And so, that's what everybody is looking for. 07:43 In fact, there is no other paradigm other than 07:46 God and creation. 07:48 And you're not going to publish a scientific 07:51 paper that goes there. 07:52 It just won't get published, unfortunately. 07:55 So that's the issue. 07:57 They force you into that particular square. 07:59 Which is really sad that they attempt to hold onto this 08:04 when the evidence is overwhelmingly pointing in the 08:08 direction that evolution is no only absolutely impossible, 08:11 but never happened as well. 08:14 But again, more and more scientists, particularly older 08:19 scientists that aren't worried about losing their jobs, 08:23 are saying, "Well hang on, let's look at it realistically. 08:26 The evidence isn't there." 08:28 And one of the key factors is, as you mentioned earlier, 08:31 the absence of intermediate species in the fossil record. 08:35 This is very, very significant. 08:37 So tell us, in terms of these transitional fossils, 08:40 we also come across the term, genetic drift. 08:44 So, can you explain what that term 08:46 really means; genetic drift? 08:48 Yeah sure, okay. 08:49 So, as the different organisms evolved, 08:53 this is the standard mechanism of trying to explain 08:57 how new body parts could form, you see. 09:01 So they're saying, well assuming that enough genes 09:05 are transferred, then we can get sufficient changes 09:09 to make some new sort of organism. 09:11 The whole problem with that theory... 09:13 And people talk about, "Oh, it's genetic drift, you know. 09:16 And we can see this movement of genes, 09:19 and all these new creatures formed." 09:21 But essentially, it's like I mentioned previously, 09:24 if we try to simplify it down so that we can understand, 09:28 if we have the code, f-i-n, which we interpret as fin, 09:34 we have to make that into an a-r-m. 09:39 No genetic drift. 09:40 As many times as you reproduce the word, f-i-n, 09:46 like n-i-f, i-f-n, all the different combinations, 09:50 you're never going to end up with a-r-m. 09:53 No way. 09:55 It's totally new code. 09:57 And that's what they miss. 09:59 They miss the fact that, for all these new developments, 10:03 you need totally new code. 10:05 This genetic drift concept, what they're hoping for 10:09 is that somehow these segments of genes that will come across 10:15 will somehow trigger this new viable mechanism. 10:18 It's absolutely impossible because not only 10:20 have you got to have the code word, but you've got to have 10:22 all the other codes. 10:24 And the amount of genetic information to move from 10:28 a fin to an arm shoulder blade system is enormous. 10:34 And I think what happens is that people, 10:38 we just don't think. 10:40 Our mind can't comprehend the enormity 10:42 of the genetic code. 10:44 And it's just glossed over. 10:47 And the other thing is too, we've got to remember that 10:50 many of our current educators, and this sort of thing, 10:54 have grown up being taught all this series of evolution. 10:58 As I mentioned previously, we've got these books now 11:01 for young children, you know, ages 3 to 5 teaching them 11:05 about evolution. 11:06 You know, 5 to 7, 5 to 8; early primary school. 11:11 And they're being taught, you know, fish evolved 11:13 into amphibians, amphibians into reptiles, 11:17 reptiles into dinosaurs, and birds, and mammals. 11:21 ~ That's the story of evolution. 11:22 Yeah, it's just inculcated at a very early age. 11:26 And this is so wrong, on the basis of what we now know, 11:31 you know, from biochemistry, from paleontology, and so forth. 11:35 So moving onto this concept of transitional fossils, 11:39 so basically the idea was from Darwin that as this genetic 11:45 drift occurred, as mutations occurred, 11:48 after about a thousand generations or ten thousand 11:50 generations, you branch and become a new species. 11:53 So the challenge is, well, where are the fossils 11:57 on that pathway through? 11:59 So tell us, are they there? 12:02 - No. - No. 12:04 That's the amazing thing. They're not there. 12:05 And when you think about it, you think about, 12:07 and we talked about it previously, 12:09 98% of the species are extinct, and we've got, you know, 12:12 millions of species already here. 12:14 So that means we're looking at, you know, a hundred million 12:17 to two hundred millions species in the past. 12:21 All those species had to evolve by our evolutionary 12:24 intermediate stages. 12:26 We should find huge amounts of all these intermediate 12:31 evolutionary species of, you know, trilobites evolving, 12:35 butterflies, insects, rhinoceros. 12:39 All these sort of things. 12:41 But we don't find them. They're not there. 12:44 You know, turtles just form as turtles. 12:46 If we look at flight, we've got birds, insects, bats, 12:52 and the extinct pterosaurs. 12:56 Okay, so we've got these types of fossils. 13:00 All the fossils of those creatures appear fully formed. 13:04 - So if we take birds... ~ So no transitions. 13:06 No transitions. 13:07 So if we look at birds, for example, birds have 13:09 hollow bones, they've got different breathing systems, 13:11 you know, air sacs that are directly associated 13:14 with the heart, and so forth, the digestive system. 13:16 Totally different structures. 13:18 The codes for these are absolutely massive. 13:21 Absolutely massive codes. 13:23 ~ And not even close to each other. 13:25 And there's no evolutionary steps to it. 13:28 The same with insects. 13:30 And we look at, you know, we had this picture of the 13:32 dragonfly up earlier, the structure, you know, 13:38 to compose the wings of that dragonfly and the 13:41 amazing flight that it can perform, the genetic code 13:44 to build all those structures... 13:46 The butterfly, and even just the wings, you know. 13:49 A guy got his doctorate a few years ago 13:51 at the University of California, San Diego, looking at the 13:54 patterns in the butterfly wings, sort of thing, 13:57 and their optic properties. 13:59 I remember him saying that somehow nature knew how 14:02 to make these defects that produce these beautiful colors, 14:07 you know, the camouflage, and this sort of thing. 14:09 Yeah, they call it defects, crystal defects, 14:12 so they diffract the light, and so forth. 14:15 But these are all represented by codes, complex codes. 14:19 - And this is what... - As an engineer, I love it. 14:22 And these creatures just suddenly form and they're there. 14:25 And the same with flowering plants, 14:26 all these different parts of flowering plants. 14:29 And when we go to birds, again, with feathers, you know, 14:32 when you think of the structure of the feathers. 14:34 You know, the classic example, "Oh, well birds 14:36 evolved from dinosaurs. 14:37 And dinosaurs, some of them had scales, and these scales 14:40 slowly formed into feathers." 14:42 When you look at the structure of the feather, it's amazing. 14:46 You've got this hook, barb, and barbule system, you know, 14:50 like a Velcro thing. 14:52 But it's not only Velcro, it's Velcro that slides. 14:55 But there's more. 14:58 The whole thing would, you know, you get an old feather 15:02 and you put water on it, it just all crumples up. 15:04 With birds in flight, if they didn't oil their feathers, 15:08 those barbules wouldn't slip as easily. 15:11 And the other thing is, they would fall out of the sky 15:13 because the feathers would get wet, and they'd die. 15:16 They've got to have a preening gland producing oil, 15:19 which is a particular biochemical 15:22 molecular structure. 15:23 You've got to have code for all that. 15:25 Plus, the preening gland has to arise at the same time 15:29 as the feathers, or the feathers don't work. 15:33 But just the biochemistry associated 15:35 with the preening gland. 15:37 And if the preening gland was on the top of his head, 15:39 he wouldn't be able to reach it with his beak to get the oil 15:42 to spread it on his feathers. 15:43 Yeah, it's got to be in just the right spot. 15:45 It's brilliant engineering. 15:48 And yet, the evolutionists believe that this all arose 15:51 by blind chance. 15:52 There's no intermediates. 15:54 And that's just one little creature we're talking about. 15:58 Let alone all the different types of insects. 15:59 All the bats, their sonar, how they can adjust their sonar 16:03 to allow for diffraction of the sound wave into water. 16:06 You know, it just blows your mind. 16:08 And then we get into the plant kingdoms, 16:10 and the structure of flowers, and pollination. 16:14 You need the insects at the same time as the flowers or 16:17 the insects don't have food, or the flowers can't be pollinated. 16:21 And all the intermediate steps to make all these creatures. 16:26 Where are all the fossils of all the intermediates developing? 16:30 They're not there. 16:31 We find just fully formed animals. 16:34 They don't change either. 16:36 So contrary to what many scientists would suggest 16:39 when asked the question, "Well, where are the 16:41 intermediary species?" 16:43 It's not just a few that are missing. 16:45 It would have to be millions. 16:47 And so it's not any small thing, but it's a massive hole 16:50 in the theory of evolution. 16:51 ~ It is. The evidence is absent. 16:54 No, one example of that which I came across 16:56 in reading your book is the Cambrian explosion. 16:59 You know, if we look at the pre-Cambrian strata 17:01 and what's been preserved in that, 17:05 in contrast with the huge diversity 17:08 and array of life that's in the Cambrian strata, so to speak, 17:13 how does that fit in with the evolutionary perspective? 17:16 Where did the information come from to have such a sudden 17:19 entry of all these different species? 17:22 Well that's right, it's the Cambrian explosion, isn't it. 17:26 I mean, books have been written on this, you know, 17:30 separate books on this kind of thing. 17:31 Stephen Meyer's book, for example. 17:33 Yeah, Darwin's Doubt. 17:35 And that's a classic example. 17:38 And this is very early. 17:40 This is right down at the bottom of the fossil layer 17:42 that we've got these highly complex creatures. 17:45 And we find the fossils are the fully formed, 17:47 fully functional creatures. 17:49 But no fossils of them developing from some ancestor, 17:53 some previous ancestor. 17:55 And yet, as you say, we find examples where conformably 17:59 underneath these Cambrian rocks are these earlier 18:03 sedimentary rocks completely free of fossils. 18:05 So Stephen Meyer's book, his title, Darwin's Doubt, 18:09 actually kind of leads us or points us to the idea 18:13 that Darwin himself was questioning evolution 18:16 based on the fossil record. 18:18 Is that true? 18:19 Was Darwin worried about these lack of transitional fossils? 18:24 Look, there are a number of issues that Darwin 18:26 thought with the theory. 18:27 I don't think he saw that it would blow up to be 18:32 what it has become, you know. 18:34 I mean, he put his theory out there, 18:36 he was interested in putting out a new theory for people 18:40 to grab hold of. 18:41 And I think people really grabbed hold of it because, 18:44 as we discussed earlier, it was now a mechanical model 18:49 that could be applied to the biological scientists. 18:53 And this sort of raised their status a little bit, you know, 18:57 in terms that they could compete with the physicists, 18:58 and chemists, and engineers. 19:01 ~ And theologians. 19:02 Well, the theologians were more or less left out. 19:04 Yeah, but they were the opposition now. 19:06 And they had an answer to challenge 19:09 the biblical perspective. 19:11 And you know, at the time, I guess, the biblical supporters 19:17 didn't have as much of the biochemistry and 19:20 geological evidences we have today to knock 19:23 the theory on its head. 19:24 But, I mean, a number of commentators have 19:27 pointed out that if Darwin put forward his theory today, 19:30 on the bases of what we know today about DNA 19:32 and the fossil record, and so forth, 19:35 it just wouldn't get up. 19:36 They would say, "Oh yeah, nice, but it doesn't fit the data." 19:40 Morgan, did you have a question for John today? 19:43 Yeah, it may seem a simple question, but sometimes 19:46 the simple questions are foundational. 19:48 And the question is simply this: 19:50 What did the fossils then tell us? 19:53 Well, the fossils tell us quite clearly that creatures 19:57 were created fully formed. 19:59 So this fits the creation model in the Bible. 20:02 There's no evidence of evolution in the Bible. 20:08 Well, in the rock records. 20:10 So in other words, it fits the biblical picture perfectly, 20:13 where we can see the Bible created 20:15 all the different creatures after their kind. 20:19 And there's another reason why the biblical model makes sense 20:21 too, and that's the ecological position. 20:23 So many different species depend on one another. 20:27 You know, we talked about pollination, and insects, 20:29 and birds, and bats that can play a role in pollination. 20:33 So we have these ecosystems and such, 20:35 and that's what the Bible describes. 20:37 And that's why the Bible talks about creation in six days. 20:42 In a very, very short time period. 20:44 And this is again where evolutionary theory has 20:47 major problems in terms of ecological systems. 20:50 And you know, some people want to cross over and 20:52 go into theistic evolution, and this sort of thing. 20:54 There are major problems there as well, 20:57 from a number of different areas. 20:59 But the fossil record paints the Bible picture; 21:03 that there were all these creatures that existed, 21:07 and they were wiped out suddenly in a flood. 21:10 And one of the fascinating things is, too, that they 21:13 haven't changed over millions of years with the transitions. 21:17 Like the coelacanth, we're finding fossils in rocks that 21:20 they date 380 million years old or 350 million years old. 21:23 Yeah, a very long time. 21:25 And yet, we find that these fish are alive today 21:29 in the Indian Ocean that look exactly the same. 21:33 They haven't morphed in any way. 21:35 They haven't changed in any way from those particular fish. 21:40 And I think I mentioned Dr. Carl Werner in another 21:43 episode who studied the exhibits in museums. 21:48 And he photographed the exhibit in the museum 21:51 and then photographed the live creature today, 21:54 and showed in hundreds of examples across many different 21:58 phyla that there's no change. 22:00 They haven't changed over millions of years. 22:02 But if genetic drift was occurring, you'd expect 22:05 there would be this slow transition away from 22:08 the original species, you know, which are fossilized 22:12 to what we have today. 22:13 Yeah, I mean, we've been recording science 22:17 for the last couple thousand years, really. 22:19 Since the Greek era we've been making observations, 22:22 since Aristotle and so forth. 22:24 And we haven't observed any evolution. 22:26 We've tried to speed it up in the lab, 22:28 and we haven't observed that. 22:29 But when you think about it, if there's been, you know, 22:31 a couple of hundred million species evolved over the last 22:34 600 million years, we should see a new species 22:37 fully evolving every, you know, three or four years or so. 22:41 We haven't observed, in the past 3000 years we haven't 22:44 observed any evolution. 22:46 So we don't see those transitions. 22:47 Something else that you mentioned in your book about 22:50 Dr. Carl Werner, I think it was, was that he and his wife 22:53 discovered that as they did research in different museums 22:56 and places, that there were at least 430 different mammals 22:59 that were found fossilized with dinosaurs, including birds; 23:04 which, of course, was supposedly to have evolved from dinosaurs. 23:07 And so, but of all the 60 museums they went into, 23:11 none of these actually shared these in their displays. 23:14 And I guess my question is, at what point do you think 23:19 scientists and archaeologists, or paleontologists rather, 23:22 will say, "Well, we don't know how to answer how this happened, 23:25 but here it is," and to actually show the public? 23:28 Yes, well I think the issue is, as I've said, we have so many 23:32 books purporting to show evolution in all sorts of 23:35 pictorial forms from kindergarten onward 23:41 that it's very difficult. 23:42 The museums are following that picture. 23:45 There are leading paleontologists 23:47 that have questioned this and said, "Well hang on, 23:49 we don't actually find this evolutionary evidence 23:52 in the fossil record." 23:54 ~ One of them would have been Stephen Jay Gould from Harvard? 23:57 Well, he was more... Yes, he did say that. 24:02 And hence, his punctuated equilibrium, that somehow 24:06 there were sort of massive changes that occurred 24:08 in a very short span that produced these. 24:10 And Eugene Koonin said the same thing. 24:12 What do you think of punctuated equilibrium? 24:15 You know this idea that there was this kind of 24:18 stasis, and then these massive jumps. 24:21 Yes, well that's another fairy tale that people are clinging 24:26 hopes on that somehow all this massive new code 24:29 can arise by chance. 24:30 There's some sort of environmental condition 24:33 that just promotes massive new meaningful code. 24:37 But that's wishful thinking, you know. 24:38 It's a fairy tale. 24:40 It's the frog turning into a prince type thing, you know. 24:43 We can wish that, but where is the scientific evidence? 24:46 It's not going to happen. 24:47 The code is just so massive and so complicated, 24:50 and yet it works. 24:51 All those different little functioning bits all line up. 24:56 And the biochemistry is far more complex. 24:59 You know, we have biochemists that specialize in just a 25:02 particular area of science; 25:04 in this area of science, and this area... 25:05 The biochemistry is so huge. 25:07 And that's just the biochemistry, 25:09 let alone anatomy and physiology and all the 25:11 structures that go along with it. 25:13 All the engineering bits, you know. 25:15 And borrowing from Justin's question 25:18 and a comment you made earlier, you made the observation 25:23 that you'd never get a scientific paper published 25:28 which made reference to God, or the Bible, 25:30 or to supernatural miracles. 25:33 I mean, why is that the case if science is in search of truth? 25:38 And God exists and He created species supernaturally, 25:44 why couldn't we publish that in a scientific journal? 25:48 I think it's just a cultural change and a social change 25:51 where with political groups atheism is the dominant culture 25:56 within science, and it fails to recognize 26:00 that many of the leading scientists in the past were 26:02 very devout Bible students, believed in God, 26:05 and they made a number of the major scientific breakthroughs. 26:08 And the dominance of Christians right through to the mid 1950's 26:13 was very strong in universities. 26:14 But since that time, 26:16 unfortunately it's been squeezed out. 26:19 And this is where it all needs to be reversed now 26:21 and the evidence pointed out. 26:23 The evidence is overwhelming 26:25 for the existence of a Creator in God. 26:29 ~ You know, it's fascinating. 26:30 And so what we're looking at here is this fossil record 26:34 and all of these animals and plants which have existed 26:39 down through the years, but we just don't find these 26:41 transitional fossils. 26:43 It's really, really amazing. 26:45 And you know, the fact is that it is intriguing 26:48 that we find these fossils, but at the same time we have 26:53 an opportunity where we can't see these transitional forms. 26:57 We have this massive theory of evolution, 27:00 but all the links are just not there in the fossil record. 27:04 And the question is, where does that leave the whole theory? 27:07 You know, it seems to me that evolution is looking 27:11 more and more impossible. 27:14 And the good news is this: if you have really enjoyed 27:17 the discussion that we've had today, 27:19 and you would like to learn more about the scientific evidence 27:21 about fossils, about paleontology, 27:24 about geology, I'd like to encourage you to go to 27:27 your favorite online bookstore and get Dr. John Ashton's 27:32 book, Evolution Impossible. 27:33 It's a fantastic read. 27:35 Easy to understand, but really, really informative as well. 27:39 And next time we're going to be exploring the very reason 27:44 why there are all these fossils buried in the ground. 27:47 And you might be really surprised. 27:49 Could it be the flood which the Bible is talking about? 27:52 And remember, you can watch any of these previous videos 27:55 on our website on 3ABN. |
Revised 2020-03-03