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Series Code: AU

Program Code: AU000014S


00:01 - Today we're gonna be talking a little bit
00:02 about the ultimate question,
00:04 and of course the ultimate question
00:06 about your human existence is death.
00:09 And I know this sounds a little depressing,
00:11 but I really think you're gonna wanna pay attention to this
00:13 because after all your turn is definitely coming.
00:18 [light music]
00:38 I know this is gonna sound a little bit morbid,
00:41 but the older I get naturally,
00:43 the more I find myself thinking about the subject of death.
00:47 And it's not that I'm afraid to die
00:49 because honestly I'm not,
00:50 I mean, we'll see what happens
00:52 when I actually get to the finish line,
00:53 I might have this little moment of panic,
00:55 I have seen some people do that,
00:57 but for right now I'm pretty comfortable
01:00 with the idea of my own mortality.
01:02 It does raise some questions however,
01:05 and these are questions that people have wrestled with
01:07 since at least the beginning of recorded history.
01:11 Stuff like, where do I go when I die?
01:14 What exactly happens one minute after I draw my final breath
01:17 and close my eyes for the last time?
01:20 Now if you wanna answer those kinds of questions,
01:23 you really have to figure out who or what you are.
01:26 Are you some kind of spiritual being
01:29 who just uses a physical body like a suit made out of meat,
01:33 or are you a purely physical being
01:35 who just happens to disappear the day you die?
01:38 And where exactly are you right now?
01:42 I mean, I know that I'm right here in a chair
01:44 and I occupy a specific position in space,
01:48 but where exactly is the core of who I am?
01:52 What is the essence of Shawn?
01:54 After centuries of scientific discovery,
01:56 we've come to the conclusion that the sum total
01:58 of my personality, my beliefs, my characteristics,
02:02 they're all housed in this,
02:03 well, three pound lump of gray matter
02:06 that sits behind my forehead.
02:09 And maybe because my eyes are right in front of my brain
02:12 and my eyes are the primary point of access to the world,
02:15 maybe that all just creates the illusion that the essence
02:18 of who I am resides up here inside my skull.
02:22 And I know we all kinda take that for granted,
02:24 but you know historically,
02:25 we haven't always thought of the brain
02:27 as the seat of consciousness.
02:29 So where exactly do I reside?
02:32 Is this where I am inside my head?
02:35 Is the brain the seat of the human soul?
02:40 I don't know if you've ever seen some of those
02:42 really schlocky science fiction movies from the 50s or 60s
02:45 like "The Brain That Wouldn't Die"
02:47 I've mentioned that one before,
02:49 it's where some mad scientist separates the human head
02:53 from the rest of the body and keeps it alive.
02:55 And the idea behind these movies is that
02:58 the brain is really the essence of who you are,
03:01 your body is just a support system
03:03 that keeps your brain alive
03:04 and allows it to interact with the external world.
03:07 But this up here is where you live, inside your head,
03:09 and everything else attached to your brain is there to serve
03:13 this incredible control center which makes it possible
03:17 for you to have a meaningful existence.
03:19 Now again, I know this all seems obvious to us,
03:22 but we haven't always located the seat of consciousness
03:26 in the brain.
03:27 Go back and read some of the old literature,
03:29 and you'll find people talking about using their hearts
03:32 to experience emotion which is something we still do today
03:35 when we tell people, follow your heart,
03:37 or love that person with all your heart.
03:40 Go back further in history
03:42 and you'll actually find some ancient cultures talking
03:45 about using their livers the same way.
03:48 I guess we've always known somehow that something physical
03:52 inside your body is responsible for who you are
03:56 and how you experience this universe.
03:59 Go back far enough and you'll find people guessing that
04:02 the various organs in your body were actually responsible
04:05 for creating certain temperaments or personality types.
04:09 We still have artifacts
04:10 from that kinda thinking in our language today.
04:12 So for example, we identify people
04:14 as sanguine, or choleric, or melancholic or phlegmatic.
04:18 And if you look at those words carefully,
04:20 study the etymology,
04:22 you'll see that they're rooted in the various body fluids.
04:25 It's kind of disgusting,
04:26 but way back when we believe that sanguine people
04:29 were governed by their blood, so what the word means,
04:32 choleric people were governed by yellow bile,
04:34 melancholic people were governed by black bile,
04:37 and the phlegmatics kinda got the short end of the stick
04:40 because well,
04:42 it was believed they were governed by their flame.
04:45 The idea though is still kinda fascinating
04:47 because somehow we realized that who we are
04:50 is rooted in the very physical reality of our bodies.
04:54 You just can't escape physical existence,
04:58 and somehow that physical existence defines who you are.
05:05 Now that of course kinda runs foul of the way
05:07 that most people think about
05:08 the essential nature of human beings.
05:11 In a lot of cultures, people tend to think
05:14 in what we call dualistic terms,
05:16 you have your physical self,
05:18 but then you also have a spiritual self,
05:20 a consciousness that can somehow exist without a body,
05:24 and it can also somehow think without a brain.
05:28 Now from what I said [mumbles]
05:29 that raises some really important questions.
05:32 If I need a brain to think,
05:34 and then I suddenly die and leave my body,
05:36 how does that work?
05:38 How do I go on with the business of thinking
05:40 if I don't have a neural network?
05:43 Is it like a relay race where my physical brain
05:45 suddenly hands the baton of consciousness to my ghost
05:49 when it's leaving?
05:51 Or does my spirit kinda play my physical brain
05:54 and my neural network like a puppeteer
05:56 pulling the strings in a marionette
05:58 making my existence sing conscious and real,
06:02 but then it just dumps this whole me puppet
06:04 on the ground when the show is over?
06:06 Where exactly is the seat of the soul?
06:12 Now I know that most of us slept
06:13 through history class in high school,
06:15 but here comes payday for those of you who didn't,
06:18 there are lots of points in history we could visit
06:20 to examine the nature of humanity,
06:22 but since we only have a few minutes together,
06:24 let's go back to the big one,
06:26 let's go back to the Greek philosopher Plato.
06:29 Now I don't know if you remember studying
06:32 Plato's theory of forms or the Allegory of the cave,
06:36 but this is probably the number one influence
06:38 on the way that you and I think about death and dying.
06:41 And I hate to say it,
06:42 but Plato might actually be a bigger influence on us
06:46 than the Bible.
06:48 Plato taught that the material world is imperfect,
06:50 and in a lot of ways, well, I'd have to agree.
06:54 Everything you encounter in this life
06:55 is always gonna have some kind of flaw,
06:58 some little thing that makes it, well, less than perfect,
07:02 but Plato might argue that the reason
07:04 we know something is imperfect is because
07:07 we have some idea of what perfection should look like.
07:11 That model of perfection in our mind
07:13 is something he called the ideal,
07:16 something that doesn't actually exist here
07:17 in the physical world,
07:19 it belongs to the spiritual world out there somewhere,
07:23 and you and I live among shadowy representations
07:26 of those perfect ideals that only exist
07:29 in the non physical spirit world.
07:32 So Plato's analogy of the cave kinda goes like this,
07:37 imagine that you and I live in a deep dark cave
07:39 and we're stuck there,
07:40 we're chained to a wall
07:41 and we spend our entire lives staring
07:44 at the back wall of the cave.
07:47 Behind us there's a source of light,
07:49 a fire that cast shadows on the wall in front of us
07:52 so that when something moves past that source of light,
07:54 we can kind of see it except all we really see
07:57 is a blurry imperfect shadow.
08:00 So Plato said that the blurry shadow
08:03 is this material physical world,
08:05 everything we experience in this place
08:06 might seem physical and real, but it's an illusion,
08:10 it's just a fuzzy indistinct representation
08:13 of a much higher reality.
08:15 Now that higher reality only exists
08:17 in the non-physical spiritual realm, he said,
08:20 which is somewhere out there outside of the cave.
08:23 So understandably,
08:25 what a lot of Greek philosophers wanted to do
08:27 more than anything else,
08:29 was leave this physical world with all of its problems
08:31 and ascend to the spiritual realm
08:33 where they could finally be free.
08:36 That's why in Plato's account to the death of Socrates,
08:40 you have this great teacher trying to comfort his students
08:42 with the idea that his impending execution by poison
08:46 is actually a good thing,
08:48 it's a promotion, he's going to escape the physical world.
08:52 Lemme read you just a little bit from Phaedo,
08:54 which is Plato's account of the death of Socrates,
08:58 and this is Socrates speaking.
09:01 "I want to make my argument before you, my judges,
09:03 "as to why I think that a man
09:05 "who has truly spent his life in philosophy
09:07 "is probably right to be of good cheer in the face of death
09:10 "and to be very hopeful that after death
09:13 "he will attain to the greatest blessings yonder."
09:18 In other words, he's saying that real philosophers
09:21 spend their lives contemplating a higher reality,
09:23 and when they die they get to leave
09:26 this imperfect physical existence
09:28 and live the way they wanna live in the world of spirits,
09:31 the world of perfect ideals.
09:34 That's why things like sexual relationships
09:36 or food and drink didn't matter
09:38 to some of these philosophers because
09:40 those kinds of physical activities are part
09:42 of this messy, imperfect physical world.
09:46 What the philosopher wanted was knowledge
09:49 which he believed is far more possible
09:51 once you leave this physical existence.
09:53 So here's what Socrates teaches his students.
09:58 "It has really been shown to us that,
10:01 "if we are to ever have pure knowledge,
10:03 "we must escape from the body
10:05 "and observe matters in themselves with the soul by itself.
10:09 "It seems likely that we shall, only then,
10:11 "when we are dead, attain that which we desire
10:14 "and of which we claim to be lovers,
10:16 "as our own argument shows, not while we live,
10:19 "for if it is impossible to attain
10:21 "any pure knowledge with the body,
10:22 "then one of two things is true:
10:24 "either we can never attain knowledge,
10:27 "or we can do so after death."
10:31 In other words what a philosopher wants to do
10:33 is step out of the deep dark cave
10:35 and out into the glorious light of day.
10:37 So the question of course is,
10:38 how does that mesh with what this book says?
10:43 Don't you go away, I'll be right back.
10:48 - [Announcer] Are you searching for answers
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11:40 to life's deepest questions.
11:47 - As far as we know Socrates
11:49 never actually wrote anything down,
11:51 but we have people like Plato to thank
11:53 for what little we do know about his teachings.
11:58 And what you have in this account of his final moments
12:01 is the story of a wise philosopher
12:03 who's kind of excited by the thought of death
12:05 because he's going to leave the imperfect material world
12:08 and ascend to the world of spirits
12:09 where your mind is no longer impeded
12:12 by the inconvenience of being locked in a physical body.
12:16 Now that does raise the question of whether or not
12:18 your thoughts are actually located here in your brain.
12:22 I mean, if you can leave your body
12:24 and still have conscious thoughts,
12:26 then why in the world do you need these three pounds
12:29 of gray matter to help you think?
12:31 And if thinking actually takes place somewhere other
12:34 than right here in your material brain,
12:36 if the real you is actually located somewhere else
12:38 like in a ghost, then why does it warp your thinking
12:41 to ingest physical substances like alcohol or LSD?
12:46 How does a chemical substance,
12:47 a molecule that very definitely exists
12:50 in the physical world,
12:51 how does that affect your non-physical mind?
12:55 That's a good question.
12:56 So let's do a little bit of digging.
12:59 By the time the Greeks established
13:00 the city of Alexandria and North Africa,
13:03 Greek philosophy was all the rage [mumbles]
13:05 there were a lot of Jewish intellectuals living there
13:08 who were eager to impress the Greeks
13:09 with their own capacity for logic and reason.
13:13 And in later years, this was also true of some Christians,
13:15 they wanted to prove that biblical thinking
13:18 was just as logical and just as profound
13:20 as Socrates or Plato or Aristotle.
13:25 So what we got was this blending of worlds.
13:28 We had incredibly bright thinkers
13:30 blending the world of Greek dualism
13:32 with the worldview that is actually taught in the Bible.
13:35 This became so prevalent at one point
13:37 that the church father, Tertullian
13:39 tried to slow things down by saying,
13:41 "What has Jerusalem to do with Athens,
13:43 "the Church with the Academy,
13:45 "the Christian with the heretic?"
13:48 What he was driving at was this,
13:51 there is enough difference between Greek philosophy
13:53 and the teachings of the Bible
13:55 that you wanna be very careful how you mix them.
13:58 Tertullian himself was
13:59 a former pagan converted to Christianity,
14:02 and he saw a dramatic difference between this book
14:05 and the writings of the ancient philosophers,
14:07 enough so that he drew a definite line in the scene.
14:11 You've got the worldview of Athens on the one hand,
14:14 and the worldview of Jerusalem on the other,
14:16 and you've got to choose between the two because
14:18 they really can't be reconciled.
14:21 However, that doesn't mean that we didn't try,
14:23 and you find pagan Greek dualism making huge inroads
14:28 into the Christian Church in ways that kind of changed
14:30 the way that a lot of Christians still think to this day.
14:34 And one of the most blatant examples
14:36 we have of this unfortunate blending of Jerusalem
14:38 and Athens is found in a group known as the Gnostics,
14:42 one of the earliest heresies to invade Christianity.
14:46 Gnosticism comes from a word that simply means knowledge,
14:49 and a lot of these Gnostics actually taught
14:51 that the material world,
14:52 the physical world you live in is evil.
14:54 It was created by some kind of lesser deity
14:57 who frankly blew it,
14:58 he made a mistake because the world is just so imperfect.
15:02 They called this lesser god, the Demiurge,
15:05 and they say that he was nothing,
15:07 but an imperfect emanation from a higher more perfect God
15:10 who existed in the purely spiritual realm.
15:14 Now that kind of thinking was one of
15:16 the biggest problems faced by the early Christian church.
15:18 And we think that one of the motives that Paul had
15:21 for writing the Book of Colossians was to fight
15:24 this corruption of biblical thought.
15:26 The Gnostic said the creator was imperfect,
15:28 that he messed things,
15:29 so here's what Paul writes about Jesus.
15:33 "He is the image of the invisible God,
15:37 "the firstborn over all creation.
15:39 "For by Him all things were created that are in heaven
15:42 "and that are on earth, visible and invisible,
15:45 "whether thrones or dominions or principalities or powers.
15:48 "All things were created through Him and for Him.
15:52 "And He is before all things,
15:54 "and in Him all things consist."
15:57 So you'll notice that Paul is arguing that the invisible God
16:01 is the same as the creator God,
16:03 the Son is made in the image of the Father
16:05 and He is not some kind of lesser deity,
16:08 and it was Jesus who made the visible and invisible worlds.
16:13 So of course, that raises another question.
16:15 In the original design of the Creator,
16:17 which world did human beings belong to,
16:19 the visible or the invisible world?
16:23 Lemme show you something really important over
16:25 in the Book of Genesis,
16:26 this comes from Genesis 1,
16:28 where God has created the human race.
16:30 Here's what it says.
16:32 "Then God blessed them, and God said to them,
16:35 "'Be fruitful and multiply,
16:36 "'fill the earth and subdue it,
16:38 "'have dominion over the fish of the sea,
16:39 "'over the birds of the air,
16:40 "'and over every living thing that moves on the earth.'
16:43 "Then God saw everything that He had made,
16:45 "and indeed it was very good."
16:49 This book says that God made us as very physical beings,
16:55 and He put us in a very physical world,
16:56 and when He was finished creating us
16:57 He said it was all very good.
17:00 The way the Gnostics told the story,
17:01 you and I were sparks that emanated from a divine fire,
17:04 we were spirit beings who unfortunately got trapped
17:07 in a miserable physical existence
17:09 and we won't finally realize what it means
17:12 to live an authentic life
17:13 until we are released from our physical bodies
17:16 and we return to that divine fire out there in the universe.
17:21 So you gotta wonder where they got that
17:23 because it's not found in the Bible,
17:25 here we have a God who makes a real material world
17:28 and He doesn't step back and say,
17:29 oh, man, I really blew it,
17:32 He looks at what He made and He says,
17:34 "This is very good."
17:36 According to this book,
17:38 you and I were made for physical existence,
17:41 and this same book tells us that God's future ideal for us,
17:44 the afterlife, it's also going to be real and physical.
17:48 Lemme show you what I mean from Isaiah 35,
17:51 where it talks about the future.
17:53 "Then the eyes of the blind shall be opened,
17:55 "and the ears of the deaf shall be unstopped.
17:58 "Then the lame man shall leap like a deer,
18:00 "and the tongue of the dumb sing.
18:01 "For water shall burst forth in the wilderness,
18:03 "and streams in the desert."
18:06 What the Bible teachers is that God is gonna return us
18:10 to our original existence in the garden,
18:12 and this is something you find everywhere.
18:14 I mean, listen to this one, this comes from Revelation 22.
18:17 "And He showed me a pure river of water of life,
18:20 "clear as crystal,
18:21 "proceeding from the throne of God and of the Lamb.
18:23 "In the middle of its street,
18:25 "and on either side of the river was the tree of life."
18:27 That was something that was there in Eden.
18:29 "The tree of life which bore twelve fruits,
18:31 "each tree yielding its fruit every month.
18:33 "The leaves of the tree
18:35 "were for the healing of the nations."
18:38 And there's this one, this comes from Isaiah 65.
18:40 "For behold, I create new heavens and a new earth,
18:43 "and the former shall not be remembered or come to mind."
18:46 So what kinda new earth would that be?
18:48 Well, here's what it says just a few verses later,
18:51 "They shall build houses and inhabit them,
18:53 "they shall plant vineyards and eat their fruit.
18:55 "They shall not build and another inhabit,
18:56 "they shall not plant and another eat,
18:58 "for as the days of a tree,
19:00 "so shall be the days of my people,
19:01 "and my elect shall long enjoy the work of their hands."
19:08 And you do not wanna miss where we're gonna go next,
19:11 I'll be right back after this break.
19:15 - [Announcer] Here at the Voice of Prophecy
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19:45 - The Bible simply doesn't describe an afterlife
19:47 that is non-material out there
19:49 in the misty universe somewhere,
19:51 it's a concept that you find in Greek philosophy,
19:53 but you don't actually find it in this book,
19:55 I mean, go ahead and see if you can find it.
19:59 The Bible describes a real material existence,
20:02 and the reason we have imperfection is not because
20:05 the Creator blew it, it's because we did.
20:07 You and I are the ones who introduced pain and suffering
20:10 when we decided to separate ourselves from the Creator.
20:13 The reason this world seems like it's a dim shadow
20:15 of something higher and better is because it is,
20:19 but that something higher and better was is real
20:22 and physical as it gets.
20:25 So let's ask the question again,
20:27 does the real you, the one that God originally intended,
20:31 does that exist way out there in a theory
20:33 or a world without physical form?
20:35 Are you really just a ghost?
20:38 Now there's no way we can explore this question
20:41 like we should not with the time that we have,
20:44 but I'm hoping that you're gonna start thinking about this,
20:46 and that you'll take time to explore
20:48 what this book actually says to see where it takes you
20:53 because if there's one place I wanna know for sure,
20:56 if there's one place I don't wanna rely
20:58 on mythology and superstition,
21:00 if there's one thing I just need certainty on it's this,
21:03 I wanna know who or what I am and where I might be going.
21:09 I think if you look at this book
21:11 you might be surprised by what you find.
21:13 Lemme show you just a few more interesting passages
21:16 to help you get started on that exploration.
21:18 For hundreds of years now,
21:20 Christians have insisted that my real existence,
21:23 the real me is non-physical,
21:25 so we think about death the same way Socrates did,
21:29 like a final release from a horrible physical existence,
21:32 but I want you to notice how Job describes it.
21:35 He says,
21:36 "For I know that my Redeemer lives,
21:38 "and He shall stand at last on the earth,
21:40 "and after my skin is destroyed,"
21:43 In other words he dies.
21:44 "This I know, that in my flesh I shall see God."
21:49 So you tell me,
21:51 how do you reconcile that with the teachings of the Greeks?
21:55 Maybe Tertullian was right,
21:58 maybe there is no harmony between Athens and Jerusalem,
22:01 maybe our reason,
22:03 our logic 'cause it has actually taken us
22:04 in the wrong direction,
22:06 pointing us to something that just isn't so.
22:10 I mean, think about it like this,
22:12 in the beginning God made a very physical world,
22:15 populated by very physical real people, and He said,
22:18 "That is very good."
22:20 That's what He wanted to make,
22:22 and in the the original plan,
22:24 you and I were never supposed to die,
22:26 that was never going to happen.
22:28 And now what God has planned for the future,
22:31 is a complete restoration of the physical world
22:34 that used to be, a new heavens and a earth,
22:37 so we're going back to that original,
22:40 perfect physical existence.
22:43 So if we were physical to start with,
22:46 and we will be restored to that same physical perfection,
22:50 what would be the purpose of locating the real you
22:54 anywhere except in the real physical you?
22:59 What would be the purpose of a ghost
23:01 that leaves during a death
23:03 that was never supposed to happen?
23:07 You know, right now scientists have figured out
23:09 that if you freeze a human brain, or even just a part of it,
23:12 you can thought out and bring it back.
23:14 As I mentioned on another show, a few rich people
23:16 have already put their brains on ice,
23:18 hoping for the day when they can be revived
23:20 and cured of whatever killed them.
23:23 So let's say that it takes a 100 years,
23:25 your brain is frozen for a century.
23:28 During that time, where are you?
23:30 And when they thought you out,
23:32 and we know they can do this
23:33 because they've already done it with animals.
23:34 When they thought you out,
23:36 do you suddenly come back from a non-physical afterlife
23:39 and resume your physical existence?
23:42 It doesn't make sense,
23:44 and it doesn't harmonize with the way the Bible presents it.
23:46 I mean, just read Genesis 2, it says,
23:49 "The Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground,
23:52 "and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life,
23:54 "and man became a living being."
23:58 This is how you're supposed to be real and physical
24:02 except that you're gonna get a bit of an upgrade
24:04 when God finally puts you back
24:06 to where you're supposed to be,
24:07 the pain and suffering will disappear for good.
24:11 I'll be right back after this.
24:16 - [Announcer] Dragons, beasts, cryptic statues,
24:20 Bible prophecy can be incredibly vivid and confusing.
24:24 If you've ever read Daniel or Revelation
24:27 and come away scratching your head, you're not alone.
24:30 Our free Focus on Prophecy guides
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24:46 - You know, over the years,
24:47 a lot of Christians have wondered about all of this.
24:49 How does it work?
24:51 You know, who am I?
24:53 Is this the seat of my consciousness?
24:54 Do I leave my body when I die?
24:57 What happens after you draw your last breath?
25:00 And well, as they begin to explore the subject,
25:03 they're in for a few surprises,
25:05 the Bible has a few surprises
25:06 and then they go back to history
25:08 and start looking at what people have said about this,
25:09 from Martin Luther down to the great Lutheran theologian
25:13 of the 20th century Oscar Coleman.
25:15 And as people look,
25:17 more and more are discovering that the Bible gives
25:21 a lot more detail about this stuff than you think it does.
25:25 This book has incredible,
25:27 incredible detail about who you really are,
25:31 where you came from and what actually happens
25:34 when you draw your last breath and die.
25:37 And I know I've opened a huge can of worms here because
25:42 well, we didn't have a lot of time,
25:43 and so I've kinda left you with just the beginnings
25:47 of a study and it's a little disconcerting to think,
25:50 well, maybe I've been wrong about something so essential.
25:52 And I guarantee after what we just did,
25:55 you've got a lot of questions about this.
25:57 I know I still have lingering questions,
26:00 the more I read this book though,
26:03 the more I discover that the detail is all there.
26:06 So here's what I've done for you
26:07 because we're out of time for another week,
26:10 I've put together a little book that talked somewhat about
26:13 the Greek influence on Christian thought,
26:15 how it made its way into Christianity.
26:18 And this little book takes you through the entire Bible
26:21 and it asks some really important questions,
26:25 it's called, "Draining the Styx:
26:27 "Taking the Mystery Out of Death and Hell".
26:30 Now it probably won't answer all of your questions,
26:34 I mean, it's a big subject
26:35 and people have wrestled with it for thousands of years,
26:37 but this will take you through
26:39 all of the major Bible passages that describe this.
26:43 So for example, what does God intend for your future?
26:46 After you die what happens next?
26:48 Are we really going to be strumming harps on clouds?
26:51 Is that anywhere in the Bible?
26:53 Do we become angels when we die?
26:55 Are we gonna just float around in the ether
26:57 and become part of the great cosmic consciousness?
27:00 Or is the afterlife a real, tangible, physical existence
27:04 with Christ who if you read the Bible carefully
27:08 you'll discover also rose from the dead
27:11 with a real physical body.
27:14 Just navigate to our website,
27:16 you're gonna find this book there for really cheap,
27:18 I'm practically giving the whole thing away
27:21 because I'd like you to have it.
27:23 It's called "Draining the Styx"
27:24 go to store.vop, Victor, Oscar, Peter,
27:28 store.vop.com to get "Draining the Styx".
27:32 Now I am out of time,
27:34 so you start your explanation
27:36 and I'll meet you right back here
27:38 at the same time next week.
27:40 Thanks for joining me,
27:41 I'm Shawn Boonstra,
27:43 this has been Authentic.
27:45 [light music]


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Revised 2021-05-12