It Is Written

The Counter-Reformation

Three Angels Broadcasting Network

Program transcript

Participants:

Series Code: IIW

00:10 ♪[Theme music]♪
00:20 >>John Bradshaw: This is It Is Written.
00:22 I'm John Bradshaw. Thanks for joining me.
00:25 On September the 27th, 1540, Pope Paul III
00:29 sat in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican City,
00:33 wondering if things could possibly get worse
00:35 for him and for his church.
00:38 He realized that the Vatican City
00:40 had a lot of ground to make up.
00:42 It had been 23 years since Martin Luther
00:45 had nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to the door
00:48 of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany.
00:51 And since that time, whole countries
00:53 had broken free from Rome's control.
00:56 Parts of Germany and Scandinavia,
00:59 England, the Netherlands, Switzerland--
01:02 they all seceded from Rome.
01:05 Luther's writings and the writings of other reformers
01:08 had spread across Europe.
01:10 People were experiencing liberation.
01:15 Long before Luther,
01:16 there were reform movements within Catholicism.
01:19 Peter Waldo pressed for reform within the church
01:22 in the 12th century.
01:24 He spoke against purgatory and against the teaching
01:27 of transubstantiation,
01:29 which states that during the communion service
01:31 the bread and wine, or juice,
01:33 become the actual body and blood of Jesus.
01:36 For his trouble, he was severely persecuted.
01:40 He and his followers retreated to live in the isolated valleys
01:43 of the Piedmont region in northern Italy,
01:45 where they worked and educated.
01:47 But it wasn't far enough away to be out of the reach
01:50 of a church that was determined to destroy them.
01:55 John Wycliffe, who was born around the year 1328,
01:58 is known today as "the Morning Star of the Reformation."
02:02 Educated at Balliol College in Oxford,
02:04 he translated the Bible from Latin into English,
02:07 or the English of his day.
02:10 From his parish in Lutterworth in England,
02:12 Wycliffe attacked monasticism,
02:15 the veneration of saints,
02:17 transubstantiation,
02:19 and he even said the papacy wasn't biblical,
02:22 going so far as to equate the papacy with the antichrist.
02:26 It's no wonder he wasn't popular.
02:28 After his death the church declared him to be a heretic,
02:32 exhumed his body, burned his remains,
02:35 and cast his ashes into the River Swift,
02:39 which flows through Lutterworth.
02:41 Wycliffe influenced the Czech reformer Jan Hus, or John Huss.
02:46 Now, you have to keep in mind that to speak out
02:48 against the church meant death,
02:51 and these men knew that.
02:52 Huss was commanded by the church to appear at a trial
02:55 in Constance, Germany.
02:57 The church promised to protect him.
03:00 But the moment he arrived in that city,
03:02 he was apprehended by the church,
03:05 thrown into a loathsome prison, left to languish there.
03:08 Then he was brought out and executed,
03:11 and his ashes were thrown into the Rhine River.
03:14 Luther was by no means the first burr
03:17 under the saddle of the church,
03:19 but he was definitely the biggest challenge
03:21 that they'd had to deal with.
03:22 Now, it's not like Luther didn't have
03:24 plenty of material to work with.
03:26 Church leaders, many of them, were openly corrupt;
03:29 the faithful were kept completely in the dark,
03:32 as far as Scripture was concerned.
03:34 They couldn't possess the Bible;
03:35 in fact, to have the Bible, portions of the Bible,
03:38 even handwritten portions of the Bible,
03:41 was enough to get a person sentenced to death.
03:45 The church financed the building of St. Peter's
03:48 by selling indulgences.
03:50 This was a phenomenal abuse of ignorant church members,
03:53 telling them that sins could be forgiven
03:55 or temporal punishment for sin would be lessened
03:58 if they paid money to the church.
04:01 Indulgences could be bought for the dead.
04:04 It was outrageous.
04:06 Reform was inevitable.
04:09 And by the time Luther stood up, and Melanchthon with him,
04:12 and Calvin and Farel and Zwingli and Knox--
04:15 all roughly at the same time--
04:18 the world was shaken.
04:20 And the church trembled.
04:24 Which brings us back to September the 27th, 1540,
04:28 at a meeting that took place on that day,
04:31 here in the Vatican.
04:32 A small group of priests
04:34 was ushered into Pope Paul's presence.
04:37 A group with an agenda, a concerned group.
04:40 Concerned by what they saw happening to the church,
04:43 which they believed was divinely commissioned
04:45 to represent God on earth.
04:48 They were led by a sharply intelligent man,
04:51 a theologian and former soldier.
04:53 His name was Ignatius of Loyola.
04:57 His words at that memorable meeting
04:58 have been paraphrased by the late author Malachi Martin.
05:02 He said, "Holy Father, the papacy
05:05 and the Roman Catholic Church are in mortal trouble.
05:08 Needed is a modern weapon to fight this totally new warfare.
05:14 Give us...a new charter like no other charter given before...
05:18 Make us independent of all local authorities
05:22 and directly responsible to Your Holiness...
05:26 We will go anywhere at any time at any cost
05:31 to life and comfort in order to do anything."
05:35 And so the Society of Jesus came into existence: the Jesuits.
05:40 It was the first time an organization quite like this
05:42 had existed within the Roman Catholic Church.
05:45 The pope would launch a counter-reformation,
05:49 a strategy to press back against
05:51 the advances made by Protestantism.
05:54 The Jesuits would be a significant factor
05:56 in aiding the church to regain lost prestige,
06:01 power, and influence.
06:03 >>Dr. Gerard Damsteegt: The Counter-Reformation was
06:04 simply the response of the church against what they saw,
06:09 an uprising, a kind of a revolt that should be put out.
06:14 What they did is analyzing the arguments
06:18 that were presented by Luther and others,
06:21 and trying to counteract it.
06:24 You know, you have to keep in mind the church was one church,
06:28 and there is no split whatsoever.
06:31 And the church wanted to preserve this,
06:34 and they thought the greatest sin in the world
06:37 would be to ruin the unity of the church.
06:40 ♪[Music]♪
06:45 >>John: When you're losing market share,
06:47 when in a sporting event you have to come from behind,
06:51 when it's the third quarter of the Super Bowl,
06:53 and you're down by 28 points to 3,
06:55 and it looks like you're about to lose big,
06:58 you mount a comeback effort.
07:00 Some comebacks are successful, some not so much.
07:04 This would be a comeback of epic proportions.
07:08 If Rome was going to fix the damage caused by Luther
07:12 and Wycliffe and Farel and a host of others,
07:15 something had to be done.
07:17 And it would take some remarkable leadership.
07:21 Which brings us to Ignatius of Loyola.
07:25 I'll have more in just a moment.
07:28 ♪[Break music]♪
07:35 >>John: I'm John Bradshaw from It Is Written,
07:37 inviting you to join me for "500,"
07:41 nine programs produced by It Is Written,
07:43 taking you deep into the Reformation.
07:46 This is the 500th anniversary
07:48 of the beginning of the Reformation,
07:50 when Martin Luther nailed his Ninety-Five Theses
07:53 to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany.
07:55 We'll take you to Wittenberg,
07:57 and to Belgium, to England, to Ireland,
08:00 to Rome, to the Vatican City,
08:02 and introduce you to the people who created the Reformation,
08:05 who pushed the Reformation forward.
08:07 We'll take you to sites all throughout Europe
08:09 where the reformers lived and, in some cases, died.
08:12 We'll bring you back to the United States
08:14 and take you to a little farm in upstate New York
08:17 and show you how God spread the Reformation here.
08:20 Don't miss "500."
08:22 You can own the "500" series on DVD.
08:25 Call us on 888-664-5573,
08:29 or visit us online at itiswritten.shop.
08:35 ♪[Music]♪
08:38 He was born here in Azpeitia, at the Castle of Loyola,
08:43 in what's known today as Basque Country in northern Spain,
08:48 about 30 miles from the border with France
08:50 and about 60 miles from Pamplona,
08:53 famous for the Running of the Bulls.
08:55 This basilica, the Santuario de Loyola,
08:59 is built on the site of his birthplace.
09:02 He was named Iñigo, the youngest of 13 children.
09:06 His mother died shortly after he was born,
09:09 so he was raised by the wife of a local blacksmith.
09:12 He took the surname Loyola,
09:14 a reference to this place where he was born and raised.
09:16 At the time, it was just a village.
09:19 When he was 17, he joined the military.
09:22 He became an expert in dueling.
09:25 It's said that when a man challenged the divinity
09:28 of Christ, he challenged that man to a duel,
09:31 and he killed him with his sword.
09:34 When he was 18 years old, he was employed by the Duke of Nájera.
09:37 He spent 12 years working for the man.
09:39 He was involved in a lot of battles.
09:42 But his military career came to an end in 1521
09:45 during the Battle of Pamplona.
09:47 He was struck by a cannon ball, seriously injured.
09:50 One of his legs was shattered.
09:53 It's a wonder he survived at all.
09:54 But he did survive,
09:56 and spent the rest of his life walking with a limp.
09:59 ♪[Music]♪
10:02 During his recovery he underwent a spiritual experience,
10:06 which led him to devote the rest of his life
10:09 to the service of his faith.
10:11 He read about Jesus and about the lives
10:13 of the saints of his church,
10:15 and was impressed by people like Francis of Assisi.
10:19 He spent weeks in prayer and meditation in this cave,
10:23 developing what would eventually be called
10:26 his "Spiritual Exercises."
10:29 During this time Iñigo experienced a number of visions.
10:34 According to one writer, they appeared to him as
10:36 "a form in the air near him and this form gave him
10:40 much consolation because it was exceedingly beautiful...
10:44 it somehow seemed to have the shape of a serpent
10:47 and had many things that shone like eyes, but were not eyes.
10:52 He received much delight and consolation
10:55 from gazing upon this object...
10:57 but when the object vanished he became disconsolate."
11:04 In order to grow close to God,
11:05 he pursued an ascetic life of strict self-denial,
11:10 as many monks or priests did in those days.
11:13 He made a pilgrimage to Israel,
11:15 hoping to convert the people controlling the Holy Land
11:18 to Christianity.
11:19 The "Spiritual Exercises" he developed set the tone
11:23 for the Jesuit order.
11:27 The exercises emphasized discernment regarding
11:30 the difference between good and evil in a person's life.
11:34 He taught that through discernment
11:37 a believer can achieve a mystical union with God
11:40 and therefore understand God's will.
11:44 This trend toward mysticism in the philosophy of the Jesuits
11:49 encouraged a larger movement toward mysticism
11:52 during the time of the Counter-Reformation.
11:55 The challenge, of course, is that with this system
11:57 the Bible isn't necessarily seen as a Christian's
12:01 supreme spiritual authority.
12:04 But emphasizing the Bible
12:06 was what the reformers had been doing,
12:08 and that had taken a toll on the church's power and authority.
12:13 He studied in Barcelona and then spent seven years
12:16 as a university student in Paris.
12:19 The Reformation was in full swing by then,
12:21 the effects of the Reformation clearly seen
12:23 as people all around him,
12:25 irrespective of their class in society,
12:27 were taking sides in the controversy.
12:30 And it was while he was at that university
12:33 that he met the six men who would join with him
12:36 in his life's work,
12:38 the work for which the world remembers him,
12:40 work that would impact his church,
12:42 Christianity as a whole, and even the world.
12:46 On the morning of August the 15th, 1534,
12:50 Ignatius Loyola and his six friends
12:52 met together in one of the oldest churches in Paris.
12:56 Together they took vows
12:57 and formed what would become known as the Society of Jesus.
13:02 It was formally established five years later,
13:04 and one year after that,
13:06 in that memorable meeting with Pope Paul III,
13:09 the highest blessing of the church
13:11 was bestowed upon Ignatius and his friends
13:14 and their plans to regain ground lost by the papacy
13:17 and blunt the progress of the Reformation.
13:20 ♪[Soft music]♪
13:26 He sent his companions throughout Europe,
13:28 establishing universities and colleges and seminaries.
13:31 Educate the educators, and you influence what's being taught
13:35 and what's being thought.
13:38 With the help of his personal secretary,
13:40 he wrote the Jesuit Constitution,
13:42 based on the principle of absolute self-denial
13:45 and complete obedience to the pope.
13:48 They adopted the motto "perinde ac cadaver,"
13:51 which means "as if a dead body."
13:54 Part of the oath taken by Jesuits says,
13:57 "I do further promise and declare,
13:59 that I will have no opinion or will of my own,
14:02 or any mental reservation whatever,
14:04 even as a corpse or cadaver,
14:07 but will unhesitatingly obey each and every command
14:11 that I may receive from my superiors
14:13 in the Militia of the Pope and of Jesus Christ."
14:18 >>Dr. Damsteegt: The people who adopt the "Spiritual Exercises"
14:21 were--had a strong faith in that whatever
14:25 they were being told is the truth.
14:27 If the church would tell me that this is white while it is black,
14:34 I would accept it.
14:37 Very, very simple.
14:38 And if the church says this,
14:42 even if my senses says it is incorrect,
14:45 because the church says it, I will accept it.
14:49 And so it was a total, total mortification of the will.
14:58 That was a fantastic system of brainwashing--
15:01 that you believe without reservation
15:03 that what the church teaches you should be--
15:05 that is the truth and nothing but the truth.
15:09 >>John: The Jesuits are still a powerful force
15:10 in the Roman Catholic Church,
15:12 and scores of colleges and universities around the world
15:15 are under their guidance.
15:17 In 2013, Pope Francis became the first Jesuit
15:22 to be elected to his church's highest office.
15:25 The Jesuits were the foot soldiers
15:27 of the Counter-Reformation.
15:29 But the papal church was also taking other steps
15:32 to restore its power.
15:34 There was much more to the Counter-Reformation.
15:37 At the Council of Trent, held between 1545 and 1563,
15:42 strategies were devised to help the church address
15:46 the challenges presented by the Protestant Reformation.
15:49 Now, any talk of compromise with Protestantism was ruled out.
15:54 But the council did acknowledge that certain abuses had occurred
15:57 at some levels under the auspices of the church.
16:01 So there were some changes made.
16:03 For example, certain measures were introduced
16:06 to govern more closely the sale of indulgences.
16:09 But the veto power of church tradition
16:11 above the Bible was maintained,
16:14 as was the role of sacraments and other rituals in obtaining
16:17 salvation and divine grace.
16:20 The apocryphal books--books such as Wisdom, Judith, Tobit,
16:23 those two extra chapters said to be part of the book of Daniel--
16:27 they were granted the same status
16:29 as Scripture by the council.
16:32 The council reaffirmed the veneration of relics and images,
16:36 as well as the veneration of saints.
16:39 And the Council of Trent was responsible
16:41 for some very interesting theological developments,
16:45 developments which today have largely been lost sight of,
16:48 but developments which have impacted Christianity
16:51 in an enormous way.
16:53 I'll tell you more in just a moment.
16:54 ♪[Break music]♪
17:02 ♪[Music]♪
17:04 >>Announcer: In Matthew 4:4, the Word of God says,
17:06 "It is written, 'Man shall not live by bread alone,
17:09 but by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God.'"
17:13 "Every Word" is a one-minute Bible-based daily devotional
17:16 presented by Pastor John Bradshaw,
17:18 and designed especially for busy people like you.
17:21 Look for "Every Word" on selected networks
17:24 or watch it online every day on our website:
17:27 itiswritten.com.
17:29 Receive a daily spiritual boost. Watch "Every Word."
17:32 You'll be glad you did.
17:34 Here's a sample.
17:38 ♪["Every Word" theme music]♪
17:43 >>John Bradshaw: It was 500 years ago that Martin Luther
17:45 nailed his Ninety-Five Theses
17:47 to that famous church door in Wittenberg, Germany.
17:50 Half a millennium.
17:52 Why would that protest 500 years ago be important today?
17:55 In Galatians 5:1 we read these words:
17:57 "Stand fast therefore in the liberty by which Christ
18:00 has made us free."
18:02 Five hundred years ago there was no religious freedom.
18:04 The state and the people were ruled by the Roman church.
18:08 Everyone, including kings and emperors,
18:10 worshiped and believed as they were told.
18:12 To step out of line, to think for yourself,
18:14 to follow your conscience meant certain death.
18:17 Without the Reformation there'd be no freedom of religion today.
18:20 So how important is freedom of religion?
18:23 It's hard for us to imagine religious persecution
18:25 or intolerance in a free country,
18:26 but that's what Luther knew where he was.
18:29 That's where we'd be without him and others like him.
18:31 Thank God today for your religious freedom.
18:33 I'm John Bradshaw for It Is Written.
18:35 Let's live today by every word.
18:38 ♪[Music]♪
18:44 >>John Bradshaw: Thanks for joining me on It Is Written.
18:47 As Protestants appealed to the Bible during the Reformation,
18:51 the authority of the ruling church was undermined.
18:54 Numerous figures claimed that the prophecies
18:57 of Daniel and Revelation and the writings of Paul
19:01 pointed out that the papacy
19:02 was the antichrist of Bible prophecy.
19:06 So during the Council of Trent,
19:08 the pope commissioned the Jesuits and the others present
19:11 to go to Scripture and find an interpretation
19:15 of those passages that would claim otherwise.
19:18 In the decades that followed the Council of Trent,
19:21 Jesuit theologian Francisco Ribera claimed
19:24 that the papacy couldn't possibly be the antichrist
19:27 because the antichrist would be a single figure
19:29 that would arise at the end of time.
19:32 Twentieth-century Protestant theologian George Eldon Ladd
19:35 commented on Ribera's work, saying this:
19:39 "In 1590 Ribera published a commentary on the Revelation
19:44 as a counter-interpretation to the prevailing view
19:46 among Protestants which identified the Papacy
19:49 with the Antichrist.
19:51 Ribera applied all of Revelation but the earliest chapters
19:55 to the end time rather than to the history of the church.
19:59 Antichrist, he taught, would be a single evil person
20:03 who would be received by the Jews
20:05 and who would rebuild Jerusalem."
20:09 Another brilliant Jesuit scholar,
20:10 Cardinal Robert Bellarmine of Rome,
20:13 now St. Robert Bellarmine,
20:15 assisted Ribera in developing this new theology.
20:19 Another 20th-century theologian
20:20 had this to say about Bellarmine:
20:23 "The futurist teachings of Ribera were further
20:26 popularized by an Italian cardinal
20:28 and the most renowned of all Jesuit controversialists.
20:33 His writings claimed that Paul, Daniel, and John
20:36 had nothing whatsoever to say about the Papal power.
20:41 The futurists' school won general acceptance
20:44 among Catholics.
20:46 They were taught that antichrist was a single individual
20:50 who would not rule until the very end of time."
20:54 >>Dr. Damsteegt: The goal was to eliminate any shadow
20:57 of a doubt that the pope has anything to do with prophecy.
21:02 And so they projected the little horn into the future.
21:06 As a result, they said, "We haven't yet seen it.
21:12 It has not been here.
21:13 It will come one day.
21:15 And so we have still to look in the future
21:18 before we see the antichrist."
21:19 And still today most Catholics look in the future
21:24 and wait until the appearance of this.
21:27 >>John: Futurism was slow to catch on.
21:30 But the intention was that the ideas promoted by futurism
21:34 would eventually be taught by Protestants.
21:38 In the early 1800s,
21:39 a British preacher by the name of John Darby,
21:42 a man who stood strongly for the veracity of Scripture
21:45 in face of growing theological liberalism,
21:49 took hold of the idea of a future one-man antichrist.
21:53 In the United States,
21:54 a Kansas City attorney named Cyrus Scofield
21:57 published a version of the Bible popular enough
22:00 to sell millions of copies.
22:02 And in that Bible he included study notes
22:04 based on the writings of Darby and the Jesuits,
22:08 Ribera and Bellarmine,
22:10 study notes that pointed to a future one-man antichrist.
22:16 A British theologian commented on that, saying this:
22:19 "It is a matter of deep regret that those who hold and advocate
22:24 the futurist system at the present day,
22:26 Protestants as they are for the most part,
22:29 are thus really playing into the hands of Rome,
22:32 and helping to screen the Papacy
22:34 from detection as the Antichrist."
22:37 Another Jesuit scholar originated the school
22:40 of prophetic interpretation known as preterism.
22:44 PRE-terism teaches that all of the apocalyptic prophecies
22:47 of the Bible have been fulfilled already, previously,
22:51 which would mean, then, that there can't possibly be
22:54 an end-time antichrist.
22:55 And if that's the case,
22:57 then whoever antichrist is couldn't possibly be the papacy.
23:01 Now, the reformers were convinced.
23:04 But years later, their views have been undermined
23:07 by interpretations of prophecy that sprang directly
23:11 from the Counter-Reformation.
23:13 ♪[Music]♪
23:15 So the work of Ignatius of Loyola
23:17 and the Counter-Reformation has been profoundly influential.
23:21 Five hundred years ago reformers like Martin Luther,
23:24 Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin, and John Knox were engaged
23:28 in a resistance movement against a powerful church
23:31 with enormous political influence.
23:34 They rebutted teachings they saw as unbiblical
23:37 and believed that they were doing the work of God
23:39 in bringing the light of the Bible into the lives of people.
23:43 That's why there was such an emphasis on the part of people
23:46 such as William Tyndale and Martin Luther
23:49 to translate the Bible.
23:51 They saw it as vital to get the Word of God
23:53 into people's hands and drive back the darkness
23:56 that had flooded into Christianity
23:59 under the watch of a church that had compromised.
24:02 The reformers championed the teaching
24:04 of justification by grace alone,
24:07 through faith alone, in Christ alone.
24:10 But the church made itself essential
24:13 in the plan of salvation,
24:14 declaring that the sacraments were channels
24:18 of the grace of God.
24:19 That idea was unbiblical in Jesus' day,
24:22 unbiblical in the reformers' day,
24:24 and it's unbiblical today.
24:26 The idea that human beings should confess their sins
24:29 to another human being and receive forgiveness
24:32 from that human being,
24:33 or even from God through that human being,
24:36 is the sort of idea that the reformers
24:38 fought against strenuously,
24:40 and something that the Counter- Reformation fought to defend.
24:44 Martin Luther, while he was still a priest,
24:47 was scandalized by the way the church sold indulgences.
24:51 Essentially, pardon for sin was bought and sold.
24:57 Sacramentalism was denounced as being unbiblical.
25:00 The same for transubstantiation
25:02 and celibacy and the papacy itself.
25:06 The abuses carried out by church leaders
25:07 couldn't be tolerated any longer,
25:10 and the reformers stood up to say so,
25:12 often paying with their lives.
25:15 So two things are clear.
25:17 Number one: The Reformation brought about a lot
25:19 of much-needed change.
25:21 And number two: 500 years later,
25:24 it could be said that the Reformation didn't change much.
25:30 And that raises a lot of questions.
25:33 ♪[Break music]♪
25:41 >>John: What is "the mark of the beast"?
25:44 One of the most serious warning messages in all of the Bible
25:46 centers around the mark of the beast.
25:48 And you can understand what it is from the Bible.
25:52 I'd like to send you today's free offer.
25:54 It's called "The Mark of the Beast."
25:56 Call us on 800-253-3000,
25:59 or visit us online at itiswritten.com.
26:03 Or you can write to the address on your screen.
26:06 I'd like you to receive our free offer,
26:08 "The Mark of the Beast."
26:10 Thank you for remembering that It Is Written
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26:17 It's your support that enables It Is Written to share Jesus
26:19 and the great hope of the Bible with the world.
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26:37 and our web address is itiswritten.com.
26:42 >>John Bradshaw: Let's pray together.
26:43 Our Father in heaven,
26:45 how thankful we are for Jesus,
26:47 for grace,
26:49 for Your prophetic Word.
26:51 How thankful we are for truth,
26:54 that You are a God of love
26:55 and Your Spirit has been sent to guide us.
26:57 Lord, what are we?
26:59 Human beings weakened by sin,
27:01 weak through our own failure to surrender our lives to You.
27:05 Lord, as the God of our lives, let Jesus be our present Savior.
27:09 Fill us with Your Holy Spirit. Guide us in Your way.
27:13 And grant that we may recapture the vision
27:16 the Protestants of old had of faithfulness to Your Word
27:21 and oneness with You.
27:23 We thank You, and we pray in Jesus' name.
27:27 Amen.
27:29 Thanks so much for joining me.
27:30 I look forward to seeing you again next time.
27:32 Until then, remember:
27:34 "It is written, 'Man shall not live by bread alone,
27:39 but by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God.'"
27:43 ♪[Theme music]♪

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Revised 2020-05-20