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Series Code: RST
Program Code: RST000005S
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00:16 Well, good morning, everyone.
00:18 Good morning. 00:19 I hope you had a good night's rest. 00:22 Those of you from New Zealand and from the east coast, 00:26 hopefully you're getting over your jetlag. 00:29 And today, we have another four presentations 00:33 and we are going to begin with the third trumpet. 00:37 And if you have the study notes, 00:40 we will begin on page 65. 00:44 But before we do begin, 00:45 we want to have a word of prayer. 00:46 We want to begin each session, 00:49 morning and afternoon with a word of prayer. 00:52 So, let's bow our heads for prayer. 00:55 Father in heaven, we come before Your awesome throne 00:57 in the powerful name of Jesus. 01:00 Knowing that when we come in faith, 01:03 You hear and answer our prayers. 01:06 Thank You for giving us life this day, 01:09 we ask that You will enlighten our minds, 01:12 open our hearts and empower us 01:16 to understand and to share that 01:19 which we will study today 01:21 and throughout the course of the week. 01:23 We thank You for the promise of Your presence 01:25 and we claim that promise, in the name of Jesus. 01:28 Amen. Amen. 01:31 Okay, the first trumpet represents what? 01:36 Reviewing from yesterday. 01:39 The destruction of Jerusalem. 01:41 The second trumpet describes which historical event? 01:46 It describes the fall of what? 01:50 Of the Roman Empire. 01:53 And then we have the third trumpet. 01:56 So, let's read Revelation 8:8, 02:00 where you have a description of the third trumpet. 02:04 We have several symbols here. 02:06 "Then the third angel sounded, 02:10 and a great star fell from heaven, 02:14 burning like a torch, 02:17 and it fell on a third," 02:19 notice the concept of a third once again, 02:21 "on a third of the rivers and on the springs of waters. 02:27 The name of the star is Wormwood. 02:31 A third of the waters became Wormwood 02:34 and many men died from the water 02:38 because it was made bitter." 02:41 So, we have several symbols in this verse, 02:44 we have a star, the falling of the star. 02:49 The star is compared to a torch. 02:52 We have the defiling of rivers and fountains of waters, 02:56 that's drinking water, 02:57 it's not the same as the seas of yesterday. 03:00 And we have Wormwood, 03:02 which embitters the waters 03:04 and when people drink the waters, 03:06 they are poisoned, and they die. 03:10 That's the picture of the third trumpet. 03:14 Now let's look 03:15 at a little bit of historical context following 03:19 what we have in our study notes. 03:22 There can be little doubt that the falling star 03:26 of the third trumpet refers in a primary sense to whom? 03:31 To Satan. 03:33 Yet, this is an important detail. 03:36 This star cannot refer to the original 03:39 fall of Satan from heaven, 03:42 because that happened when? 03:44 It happened before creation week. 03:46 And the third trumpet is into the Christian era. 03:49 It cannot refer to the fall of Satan at the cross 03:52 because Satan had a further fall at the cross. 03:56 You know, Jesus in John Chapter 12 said, 03:59 "The Prince of this world shall be cast out." 04:03 And in Luke 10:18, 04:05 He spoke of Satan 04:07 falling like lightning from heaven. 04:08 Ellen White describes that 04:09 as being a fall of Satan at the cross 04:13 because Jesus took 04:14 over the rulership of the world, 04:16 the legal rulership of the world. 04:18 So, Satan was cast out at the cross. 04:20 It cannot refer 04:21 to the casting out Satan at the cross, 04:24 because the third trumpet 04:25 is taking place long after Jesus died on the cross. 04:29 So, we have to look at the historical context 04:32 in order to understand when this applies. 04:35 Now, though this trumpet, we're at the bottom of page 65. 04:39 Though this trumpet 04:41 cannot refer primarily to the fall of Satan, 04:44 the original fall of Satan 04:46 at the beginning or at the cross. 04:49 Nevertheless, the language 04:51 is very reminiscent of the fall of Lucifer 04:55 as described in Isaiah 14:12-14. 05:01 Correct? 05:02 Let's read those verses. 05:04 Isaiah 05:05 14:12-14. 05:12 "How you are fallen from heaven, 05:14 O Lucifer, son of the morning! 05:18 How you are cut down to the ground, 05:20 you who weakened the nations!" 05:22 By the way, what does Lucifer mean? 05:24 Lucifer means the day star. 05:27 That's the literal meaning of the word Lucifer. 05:30 So, Lucifer is compared to a falling star. 05:34 Verse 13, "For you have said in your heart, 05:37 'I will ascend into heaven, 05:38 I will exalt my throne above the stars of God, 05:42 I will also sit on the mount of the congregation 05:44 on the furthest sides of the north, 05:46 I will ascend 05:48 above the heights of the clouds, 05:49 I will be like the Most High.'" 05:52 So, the sin of Lucifer was that 05:54 he wanted to take the place of whom? 05:57 He wanted to sit on the mountain of God, 06:00 the sanctuary is on the mountain of God, 06:02 and he wanted to occupy the throne of God. 06:07 Does that sound familiar? 06:09 Now let's go back to our study notes, 06:12 the terminological links between the third trumpet 06:16 and Isaiah 14 and Revelation 12 06:20 leave a little doubt that say the fall of Satan 06:24 is in the background of the third trumpet. 06:27 Satan, the star of the morning, who was originally perfect 06:33 apostatized and became what kind of star? 06:36 He became a fallen star. 06:39 He then did what? 06:41 He defiled and poisoned Adam and Eve 06:44 with his specious teachings. 06:48 And the result was that the entire human race 06:52 became what? 06:53 Infected with a virus of sin. 06:57 The result was that the entire race 07:00 came under the sentence of what? 07:02 Of death. 07:03 That is the context in which we need to look 07:06 at the third trumpet. 07:09 Now the fall of this star portrays 07:11 the Great Apostasy 07:13 that defiled the church from within. 07:16 When papal Rome rose to power, 07:20 from the shambles that the barbarians 07:23 left in the Roman Empire. 07:24 Do you remember that the second trumpet 07:25 describes the barbarians carving up the Roman Empire? 07:29 We studied that yesterday. 07:31 And from there arose the Roman Catholic papacy. 07:35 So, this is speaking 07:36 of the period in the Roman Catholic papacy 07:38 is beginning its rise 07:40 not when it reaches its apex of power. 07:44 Now, the crucial question then is this. 07:48 What principle allows us to say that 07:51 the fallen star represents Satan 07:55 as well as the fall of papal Rome? 07:59 We have three reasons why we can say that 08:01 this fall of the Satan is really in the background 08:06 of the fall of the church in the times of Constantine 08:11 and thereafter for the next two centuries. 08:13 Three points that we need to take into account. 08:17 In the first place, 08:19 what the Bible attributes to Satan, 08:22 he actually accomplishes through whom 08:25 or through what? 08:26 Through human apostate powers. 08:30 You all are aware that in Revelation 12:4, 08:33 we're told that 08:35 the dragon stood next to the woman 08:36 to devour her child as soon as a child was born, 08:39 the dragon is doing this. 08:41 But who did the dragon use? 08:42 Who did Satan use? 08:44 He used Herod, a Roman ruler. 08:47 In fact, in Great Controversy, 438, 08:50 Ellen White wrote, thus, 08:52 while the dragon primarily represents Satan, 08:56 it is in a secondary sense a symbol of what? 09:01 A symbol of pagan Rome. 09:04 Likewise, when pagan Rome gave its power to the papacy, 09:10 I want you to notice 09:11 the terminology that is used in Revelation 13:2. 09:16 Notice this quotation from Ellen White. 09:19 "In the sixth century the papacy 09:20 had become firmly established." 09:22 By the way that means that the papacy 09:24 had already been rising before that, right? 09:27 It only becomes firmly established in 538. 09:29 "In the sixth century, 09:31 the papacy had become firmly established, 09:33 its seat of power was fixed in the imperial city, 09:37 and the Bishop of Rome 09:38 was declared the head over the entire church." 09:41 Now listen to this. 09:42 Paganism had given place to what? 09:46 To the papacy. 09:48 And what text do we find that shows that the paganism, 09:53 the Roman Empire 09:54 had given its power to the papacy? 09:56 Revelation 13:2. 09:59 The dragon had given to the beast. 10:02 So pagan Rome is compared to what? 10:05 To the dragon, right? 10:07 So, the dragon had given the beast, 10:10 his power and his seat and great authority. 10:14 So, the dragon works through pagan Rome. 10:17 Both when Jesus was born 10:19 and then pagan Rome gave its seat 10:21 and its power to what? 10:23 To the papacy. 10:25 At the end of time, Ellen White explains that 10:28 the dragon represents 10:29 the political rulers of the world. 10:31 Now, doesn't the dragon represent Satan? 10:34 Yes, it's Satan working through visible powers that he uses. 10:38 Notice this statement 10:39 from Testimonies to Ministers, page 39. 10:42 "Kings and rulers and governors have placed 10:48 the brand of Antichrist upon themselves 10:51 and are represented as the," what? 10:55 So, what does a dragon represent? 10:57 Yes, Satan primarily but it also represents what? 11:01 Kings, rulers and governors. 11:03 So, it says, "Are represented as the dragon 11:06 who goes to make war with the saints, 11:09 with those who keep the commandments of God, 11:12 and who have got faith of Jesus." 11:16 So that's the first reason 11:18 why we can say that, you know, the third trumpet, 11:21 the falling star can represent the papacy, 11:24 even though primarily, it represents whom? 11:28 Primarily it represents Satan. 11:31 Now, the second reason why we know this 11:34 is because when you look at Daniel Chapter 7, 11:36 you have a little horn, right? 11:39 And the little horn persecutes whom? 11:43 The saints of the Most High. 11:45 In Revelation 13, you have a beast 11:49 that persecutes the saints of the Most High. 11:52 In Daniel, the little horn persecutes God's people 11:56 for time times and the dividing of time. 11:59 In Revelation Chapter 13, 12:01 the beast persecutes God's people for 42 months, 12:03 it's the same period of time. 12:06 However, when you go back to Revelation Chapter 12, 12:09 you find that the woman flees to the wilderness 12:13 because the dragon wants to slay the woman. 12:18 So, if you take Revelation 13, it's the little horn 12:21 and the beast, that is, 12:22 that are persecuting God's people. 12:24 But Revelation Chapter 12 tells us that for time times 12:28 and the dividing of time, 12:29 it is the dragon 12:31 that is persecuting God's people. 12:34 So, who is the papacy an emissary of? 12:39 It's an emissary of the dragon, an emissary of Satan. 12:45 In the third place, the third reason 12:47 why we can say that this fallen star represents 12:51 the papacy and not only Satan personally 12:55 is because of what we find in 2 Thessalonians 2:3, 4. 13:01 Here we are told explicitly 13:05 that the man of sin exalted himself 13:09 because he wanted to take whose place? 13:12 He wanted to take God's place, 13:15 sitting in the temple of God showing himself to be God. 13:20 Are you with me? 13:21 Who is this man of sin? 13:24 This man of sin is primarily Satan, 13:27 but Satan working through whom? 13:30 Working through papal Rome. 13:34 And it's interesting that in 2 Thessalonians 2:9, 13:38 we are told in the literal Greek says this, 13:42 that the man of sin is energized by Satan. 13:46 That's the terminology 13:47 that is used there in 2 Thessalonians 2:9. 13:53 So, the backdrop to the idea expressed above 13:57 is that Satan does not accomplish 14:00 his work in person, 14:02 but through his seed or his body. 14:05 What he was not able to accomplish in heaven, 14:08 he does on earth through his vicegerent 14:11 or through His representative. 14:14 And as Christ works through His body. 14:18 What is the body of Christ? 14:20 The church. 14:21 Satan also has a what? 14:23 He also has a body through whom he works. 14:26 Is this principle clear? 14:29 Now, let's talk about Satan and his vicegerent. 14:35 On the mount of temptation, 14:37 you remember that Satan offered Jesus what? 14:41 All the kingdoms of the world 14:44 if He simply bowed before him. 14:48 Jesus rejected the offer 14:50 of all of the kingdoms of the world. 14:53 But in the times of Constantine, 14:57 Satan offered the Bishop of Rome 15:00 those same kingdoms, and he what? 15:03 And he accepted the offer. 15:07 And so, if Christ had accepted Satan's offer, 15:11 Christ would have become Satan's what? 15:14 Vicegerent or representative. 15:17 But in the times of Constantine 15:19 when the papacy accepted the offer 15:22 of the kingdoms of the world, 15:24 the papacy, the line of pope's became what? 15:28 The vicegerent of Satan. 15:31 Are you understanding the principle? 15:33 Now let's read these statements from the Spirit of Prophecy. 15:35 Ellen White understood this. 15:37 There is one pointed out in prophecy as the man of sin. 15:42 What is he? 15:45 He is the representative of Satan. 15:48 That's the meaning of the word vicegerent. 15:51 He is the representative of Satan, 15:54 taking the suggestion of Satan, 15:56 concerning the law of God 15:58 which is as unchangeable as his throne, 16:00 but this man of sin comes in 16:03 and represents to the world that he has changed that law, 16:07 and that the first day of the week 16:08 instead of the seventh is now the Sabbath. 16:11 Professing infallibility 16:12 he claims the right to change the law of God 16:15 to suit his own purposes. 16:18 So very clearly Ellen White explains that the papacy 16:22 is the representative of Satan 16:26 because the papacy accepted the offer 16:28 of the kingdoms of the world. 16:30 We find also this other statement, 16:32 Story of Redemption, page 327. 16:36 "The compromise between paganism and Christianity," 16:39 this is taught in the days of Constantine, 16:42 "resulted in the development of the man of sin, 16:45 foretold in prophecy as opposing 16:48 and exalting himself above God." 16:50 Is this what Satan wanted to do 16:52 originally exalting himself above God? 16:54 Yes. 16:56 That gigantic system of false religion 16:59 is a masterpiece of whose power? 17:02 Satan's. Of Satan's power. 17:05 A monument of his efforts to seek himself 17:10 upon the throne to rule the earth 17:11 according to his will. 17:13 Is this is actually what he wanted to do in heaven? 17:16 So, who does he work through now? 17:18 The papacy. 17:20 She continues, 17:22 "To secure world, the gains and honors, 17:23 the church was led to seek the favor 17:26 and support of the great men of the earth. 17:28 And having thus rejected Christ, 17:31 she was induced to yield allegiance 17:33 to the," whom? 17:35 "The representative of Satan, the Bishop of Rome." 17:39 And when she refers to the Bishop of Rome, 17:41 she's not referring to one particular pope. 17:43 She's referring 17:45 to the entire succession of popes. 17:47 She's referring to the papacy, in other words. 17:51 Now let's go to the next section, 17:53 pagan and papal Rome. 17:56 It is important to take into account 17:59 the chronological sequence 18:01 of the second and third trumpets. 18:03 As we have already studied, 18:05 Satan's throne was originally where? 18:08 If you read the... 18:10 We didn't cover this in class, 18:11 but if you read your homework for today, 18:14 you'll notice that first of all Satan's throne, 18:16 was where? 18:18 In pagan Rome. 18:20 And then his throne 18:21 was transferred via the church of Pergamum, 18:25 which is the period of Constantine to where? 18:28 To papal Rome in the year 538. 18:31 If you didn't read the pages, 18:32 well, you're kind of out of left field 18:34 in the bleachers right now. 18:36 That's why I recommended 18:37 that you read these 12 or 13 pages, 18:39 it's an eye opening thing. 18:41 How the religion of ancient Babylon 18:44 is transferred directly to the papacy 18:46 and ultimately to the United States. 18:48 This is very, very interesting. Now let's continue. 18:52 "In all the great lines of prophecy, 18:54 pagan Rome is always followed by," what? 18:58 "By papal Rome." 19:00 Does papal Rome continue after the iron legs? 19:04 Yes. 19:06 Because the legs have iron and clay. 19:09 The clay represents the church. 19:11 The iron represents the continuation of Rome. 19:14 So, after Rome, the iron kingdom, 19:17 you have another kingdom which is divided, 19:20 and the clay represents the church. 19:23 Do we have in Daniel 7 19:25 also papal Rome following pagan Rome? 19:28 Yes, because you have the dragon. 19:30 Sprouts ten horns, 19:31 and then you have a little horn, 19:33 which is the next power. 19:34 How about Revelation Chapter 12? 19:36 Yes. 19:38 After the dragon tries to slay the man child, 19:41 the man child ascends to God into his throne, 19:44 then the dragon persecutes the church for time times 19:48 and the dividing of time. 19:49 The papacy is the next power on the scene. 19:52 Is that true of Revelation 13? 19:54 Yes, the dragon gives a seat in his power to the beast 19:58 and then the beast, 20:00 the papacy persecutes the church for 42 months. 20:03 Are you with me or not? 20:05 In 2 Thessalonians 2, there's a restrainer 20:08 that is restrained to the papacy 20:09 for manifesting itself that represents a Roman Empire. 20:13 When the restrainer is taken away, what happens? 20:17 Then the man of sin rises to power. 20:19 So, let me ask you this then. 20:23 What would be the next trumpet after the second trumpet 20:27 which describes the barbarian invasions 20:30 and the fall of the Roman Empire? 20:32 What would be the next power 20:33 that would rise according to the great lines of prophecy? 20:37 It would have to be papal Rome. Are you with me or not? 20:40 So, all you have to do is look at the chronology of this. 20:45 Now, let's go to the paragraph in the middle of page 69. 20:50 The prophecy of Daniel 7 leaves no doubt 20:54 that after the ten horns devastated the Roman Empire, 20:57 that's the ten horns. 20:59 Another power would arise to subdue and defile them. 21:04 2 Thessalonians explains that 21:06 after the removal of the restrainer, 21:09 by the ten horns, the barbarian tribes, 21:12 the man of sin would reveal himself 21:15 sitting in the temple of God, 21:16 that is the church showing himself 21:18 that he is God, much like Satan intended to do 21:22 when he fell from heaven 21:24 and he said, I will be like the Most High. 21:27 Are you with me so far? Yes. 21:29 Now, let's go to the perspective 21:31 of 2 Thessalonians 2, 21:33 let's amplify this a little bit more. 21:37 In the writings of the Apostle Paul, 21:40 he always identifies 21:42 the temple of God as the church. 21:45 Never as a rebuilt Jewish temple, 21:48 like the futurists believe. 21:50 They say, oh, you know, that, 21:51 it says that I know Christ 21:53 is going to sit in the temple of God. 21:54 So, the Jewish temple has to be rebuilt 21:56 for the Antichrist to sit there. 21:59 The problem is in all of the other texts 22:01 where the Apostle Paul refers to the temple of God, 22:04 he always says that it refers to the church. 22:07 So, where's the Antichrist going to sit? 22:10 He's going to sit in the church. 22:13 He's an enemy from within. 22:15 So, let's go to the paragraph that begins with John 17:12. 22:20 John 17:12 calls Judas 22:22 by the identical name as the man of sin. 22:27 Judas is called the son of perdition. 22:29 The man of sin is called the son of perdition, 22:31 so must they have a similar character? 22:33 Absolutely. 22:35 Judas was an insider that feigned loyalty to Christ, 22:40 but secretly betrayed Him with a kiss. 22:44 These three expressions in 1 Thessalonians 2, 22:47 the apostasy, by the way, 22:49 you can't apostatize 22:50 unless you had embraced the truth at some time first. 22:55 So, the apostasy, the temple of God 22:58 which is the church 23:00 and the son of perdition clearly indicate 23:03 that an enemy from within, a fallen enemy 23:07 from within would defile and poison what? 23:11 And poison the church. 23:14 2 Thessalonians 2:6, 7 describes the restrainer 23:20 with both the masculine and neuter genders. 23:25 First, Paul tells the Thessalonians, 23:28 you know, what is holding back 23:32 and then he refers to he who holds back 23:36 will be taken out of the way. 23:38 So, in other words, Paul uses both the neuter 23:41 and the masculine. 23:43 Now, what does that mean? 23:45 Next paragraph. 23:46 In Romans 13:1-10, we see a similar phenomenon. 23:51 Paul begins by telling the Romans 23:54 to subject themselves to whom? 23:57 To the governing authorities. 24:00 Then in verse 4, he uses the muscular singular 24:04 he to refer to the individual rulers 24:08 of the governing authorities. 24:10 Are you understanding my point? 24:12 It is very clear that 24:13 the he here does not refer to a particular person, 24:18 but rather to whoever 24:20 is ruling the civil power of Rome 24:23 at any given moment. 24:25 How many of you understand what that means? 24:28 Good. There's four of you. 24:32 All right. 24:34 Now, let's notice a very interesting statement 24:37 by Cardinal Edward Manning. 24:40 He was a convert 24:42 from the Anglican Church to the Roman Catholic Church. 24:44 And then he was made a cardinal later on. 24:48 He wrote this interesting statement. 24:51 He didn't even know what he was describing really. 24:54 He didn't know that he was describing 24:56 that the papacy is the power of 2 Thessalonians 2. 25:00 Let's read now what he wrote. 25:03 Now the abandonment of Rome. 25:06 You remember that Constantine, 25:08 you know, he went, he took the sea 25:10 of the Empire to Constantinople, 25:12 to Istanbul, what is Istanbul today. 25:15 So, this is what he's referring to. 25:16 Now the abandonment of Rome 25:18 was the liberation of the pontiff. 25:20 In other words, when Constantine 25:22 the Emperor goes to the Eastern Roman Empire, 25:25 what happens with, what happens with the pope, 25:28 with the pontiffs? 25:29 They're suddenly liberated. Why? 25:32 Because they are sovereign in the West. 25:35 It continues, whatsoever claims 25:37 to obedience the Emperors 25:39 may have had and whatsoever compliance 25:43 the pontiff may have yielded that is to the Emperor, 25:46 the whole previous relation anomalous 25:49 and annulled again and again 25:50 by the vices and outrages of the Emperors 25:53 was finally dissolved by higher power. 25:57 The providence of God permitted, 25:59 now notice the barbarian invasions, 26:01 the providence of God permitted 26:03 a succession of eruptions, Gothic, Lombard 26:07 and Hungarian to desolate Italy, 26:10 and to efface 26:11 from it every remnant of the empire. 26:15 Is that describing the barbarian invasions? 26:18 The second trumpet? Absolutely. 26:20 What happened when this took place? 26:22 Because the Emperor was gone, 26:25 there was no law and order in the West. 26:27 The barbarians are finishing off the economy 26:31 and causing social disorder and disarray. 26:34 So, what happens? 26:36 The pontiffs found themselves alone, 26:38 the sole fountains of order, peace, law and safety. 26:44 And from the hour of this providential what? 26:47 Liberation, liberation from whom? 26:50 From the power of the Emperor. 26:53 And from the hour of this providential liberation 26:56 when by divine interventions, the what? 26:59 That chains fell off. 27:01 So, was this power restrained before? 27:04 Yes. 27:05 The chains fell off from the hands of the successor 27:08 of St. Peter as once before from his own. 27:11 No sovereign has ever reigned in Rome 27:14 except the vicar of Jesus Christ. 27:17 What a statement, he doesn't realize 27:19 he's commenting on 2 Thessalonians 2, 27:22 and he's incriminating the papacy. 27:27 I'm sure that Manning did not realize that 27:29 his remark indicted the papacy. 27:32 History proves that the removal of the Roman Empire 27:35 did indeed lead to the liberation 27:39 of the Roman pontiff. 27:41 It is noteworthy that Manning describes 27:43 the fall of the Roman Empire as what? 27:47 Chains falling off the hands of the successor of St. Peter, 27:51 the restrainer is taken away. 27:53 From Manning's own words, 27:55 we can conclude 27:56 that the fall of the Roman Empire 27:58 removed the chains 27:59 that restrained the Bishop of Rome. 28:03 Are you with me? 28:05 See, it's very important to study history, 28:07 the historical context, 28:08 the sequence, you know, 28:09 it's not only interpreting symbols, 28:11 you have to look at 28:12 what historical period these symbols apply to. 28:16 So, let's go to page 71. 28:18 The early church fathers were unanimous, 28:21 in the opinion that the restrainer 28:23 was a reference to the Roman Empire in general 28:27 and to the individual emperors in particular. 28:31 Paul made it clear that the church at Thessalonica 28:34 knew the identity of the restrainer. 28:36 He says, you know who I'm talking about, 28:38 if you read that passage in 2 Thessalonians. 28:41 However, Paul wrote in what kind of language? 28:46 Veiled language. Why? 28:48 The answer is that he could not speak openly 28:51 about the fall of the Roman Empire 28:54 that was ruling in his day. 28:55 Why not? 28:56 Well, because if he was going to say 28:58 that the Roman Empire was going to be 28:59 taken out of the way, he could be accused of sedition 29:02 against the Roman government. 29:04 Therefore, Paul had to be what? Cautious. 29:07 Now, the futurists and by the way 29:11 also the Andrews University study Bible claims 29:15 that the restrainer is the Holy Spirit. 29:18 But why would Paul use veiled language 29:20 if he was going to say that 29:22 the removal of the Holy Spirit was going to cause this? 29:25 That's not controversial, 29:26 the Romans would have had 29:27 no problem whatsoever with that. 29:29 Now, let's notice several statements 29:32 by the early church fathers 29:35 where they identified 29:38 the restrainer as the Roman Empire. 29:41 First of all, Tertullian. 29:44 By the way, we're not going to read 29:45 all of these statements 29:47 because we simply don't have the time. 29:49 Tertullian lived between 160 and 240. 29:52 The barbarian invasions have not taken place yet. 29:55 So, he writes, "For the mystery of iniquity doth already work. 29:59 Only he who now hinders must hinder 30:02 until he be taken out of the way." 30:05 And then he asked the question 30:06 what obstacle is there but the Roman state. 30:09 So, what was it that was restraining? 30:12 The pagan Rome. 30:13 "The falling away of which 30:16 by being scattered into ten kingdoms," 30:18 he understood that the Empire 30:19 was going to be divided into ten kingdoms, 30:22 "shall introduce Antichrist upon its own ruins, 30:27 and then shall be revealed the wicked one." 30:31 He also wrote, "The very end of all things 30:34 threatening dreadful woes is only retarded by," what? 30:40 "By the continued existence of the Roman Empire." 30:44 They were living at that time. 30:47 Notice what Lactantius wrote early in the 4th century. 30:52 "The subject itself declares that the fall 30:55 and ruin of the world will shortly take place, 30:58 except that while the city of Rome remains, 31:01 it appears that nothing of this kind is to be feared." 31:04 Notice, everything is okay as long as Rome is ruling. 31:08 However, when that capital of the world shall have fallen, 31:13 and shall have begun to be a street, 31:15 which the sibyls say shall come to pass, 31:18 who can doubt that the end 31:20 has now arrived to the affairs of men 31:22 and the whole world? 31:24 It is that city, 31:25 that only which still sustains all things. 31:30 So, they actually prayed 31:31 for the Lord to keep the Roman Empire in place 31:34 because they knew that something worse 31:36 was gonna come after that. 31:38 Notice what Cyril of Jerusalem wrote. 31:41 He lived between 318 and 386. 31:45 "But this aforesaid Antichrist is to come 31:48 when the times of the Roman Empire 31:51 have been," what? 31:53 Did they have this straight, they understand this? 31:55 They most certainly did. 31:57 "When the Roman Empire shall have been fulfilled 31:59 and the end of the world is drawing near, 32:02 there shall rise up together ten kings of the Romans." 32:06 So, he's saying that the divisions are also Roman. 32:11 "Reining in different parts, perhaps, 32:13 but all about the same time. 32:16 And after those an eleventh, the Antichrist, 32:19 who by his magical craft shall seize 32:22 upon the Roman power, 32:23 and of the kings who reigned before him. 32:25 Three, he shall humble 32:27 and the remaining seven, 32:29 he shall keep in subjection to himself." 32:32 Ambrose died in 398. 32:36 "After the falling or decay of the Roman Empire, 32:40 Antichrist shall appear." 32:43 Chrysostom, he died in 407. 32:45 By this time the barbarian invasions are going on. 32:50 He says, "When the Roman Empire is taken out of the way." 32:54 He's really referring to 2 Thessalonians 2, 32:57 "Then he," that is the Antichrist, 32:59 "shall come. 33:01 And naturally, for as long as the fear of this empire lasts, 33:05 no one will willingly exalt himself. 33:08 But when that is dissolved," 33:11 in other words, when the Empire is dissolved, 33:13 "he will attack the anarchy 33:15 and endeavor to seize upon the government, 33:18 both of man and God." 33:23 Let's talk about Jerome, the one who translated 33:27 the scriptures, the famous Vulgate. 33:31 He wrote, "He that leadeth," that means restraints, 33:35 "is taken out of the way. 33:38 And yet we do not realize that Antichrist is near." 33:40 He said, you know, 33:42 that the barbarians are invading now. 33:45 The Roman Empire is being taken all the way. 33:47 And he says, 33:48 and we do not realize that Antichrist is near. 33:51 Ellen White wrote 33:52 some significant statements as well. 33:55 She wrote in Great Controversy, page 49, 33:58 "The spirit of compromise and conformity was restrained." 34:02 Was what? Restrained by what? 34:07 By the fears, persecutions 34:09 which the church endured under paganism. 34:10 In other words, under the Roman Empire, 34:13 but as persecution ceased, 34:15 this is the times of Constantine, 34:16 third trumpet, 34:18 and Christianity entered the courts of palaces 34:20 and kings, she laid aside the humble simplicity of Christ 34:23 and His apostles for the pomp and pride 34:25 of pagan priests and rulers, 34:27 and in place of the requirements of God 34:29 she's substituted human theories 34:32 and traditions. 34:34 And this statement that she makes, 34:36 by the way is the papacy restrained now again? 34:40 Who put the restraint on the papacy? 34:44 Well, there's two answers. 34:45 One is the French Revolution, the deadly wound, and secondly, 34:49 the United States of America. 34:52 The earth helped the woman that was being persecuted. 34:56 And France gave the papacy its deadly wound 34:59 from which it has not healed yet. 35:02 So, Ellen White describes that there's going, 35:05 the restraint of the civil powers 35:07 of the world is going to be removed. 35:09 Again, notice this statement, 35:11 let the restraints now imposed by what? 35:17 Just like Rome, the secular government 35:19 restrain the papacy before, 35:21 and then the papacy rose to power 35:23 to receive a deadly wound. 35:24 She says, let the restraints now imposed 35:27 by secular governments be what? 35:31 Removed. 35:33 And Rome, she's speaking about papal Rome 35:35 be reinstated in her former power, 35:38 and there would speedily 35:39 be a revival of her tyranny and persecution. 35:45 Very significant statement, isn't it? 35:47 Because she uses the same terminology 35:49 as 2 Thessalonians do, 35:51 the removal of the secular governments 35:53 is going to heal the wound and that papacy will do 35:56 as she did during the period of her dominion. 35:59 And then Adan asked a very interesting question 36:02 yesterday about Ellen White, 36:04 and whether she has anything 36:05 to say about the disintegration of the Roman Empire. 36:08 This is the only statement 36:09 I was able to find in the writings of Ellen White, 36:11 there might be more, I haven't found them 36:13 where she describes 36:15 the demise of the Roman Empire 36:18 by the barbarian invasions, 36:19 how the Empire crumbled into pieces, 36:21 and then from that the papacy arose. 36:24 This is in volume one of Manuscript Releases, 36:27 page 50. 36:29 The vast empire of Rome, what? 36:32 There you have 36:33 what the barbarian invasions did, 36:35 crumbled to pieces, and from its what? 36:39 From its ruins, rose that mighty power, 36:44 the Roman Catholic Church. 36:46 This church boasts of her infallibility 36:49 and her hereditary religion. 36:53 So, did Ellen White recognize that the barbarian invasions 36:56 carved up their Empire and ruined the Empire, 36:59 she most certainly did. 37:00 Did she say, did she think 37:02 that we need four trumpets 37:03 to describe that historical event? 37:05 I very much doubt that. 37:07 Now let's talk about the falling star. 37:10 The third trumpet describes the star 37:12 that fell from heaven as a burning lamp. 37:16 See, now we get need to go 37:17 one step further as a burning lamp. 37:20 Therefore, we must not only discover 37:22 the meaning of the word star, 37:24 but also of the expression what? 37:27 Burning lamp. 37:29 As we have seen, in the first instance, 37:32 the falling star represents whom? 37:35 Satan. Satan. 37:36 Several texts of scripture make this absolutely clear. 37:41 So, let's notice those texts. 37:45 Isaiah 14:12-14, we already read. 37:49 Let's read Revelation 12:7-9, "And war broke out in heaven. 37:54 Michael and his angels fought with the dragon, 37:56 and the dragon and his angels fought, 37:59 but they did not prevail, 38:01 nor was a place found for them in heaven any longer. 38:04 So, the great dragon was," what? 38:06 "Cast out, that serpent of old, called the Devil and Satan 38:10 who deceives the whole world, 38:11 he was cast to the earth, 38:13 and his angels were cast out with him." 38:16 In Luke 10:18, Jesus said that he saw 38:22 Satan fall like lightning from heaven. 38:25 Ellen White says that 38:26 this is an allusion to he's cast not originally, 38:29 but she specifies that it's especially talking 38:33 about the casting out of Satan at the cross. 38:35 Notice what Luke 10:18 says, 38:38 "Then the seventy returned with joy, saying, 'Lord, 38:42 even the demons 38:44 are subject to us in your name.' 38:46 And he said to them, 'I saw Satan," what? 38:51 "Fall like lightning from heaven.'" 38:55 Is that similar to what we noticed 38:58 in the third trumpet? 38:59 Absolutely. 39:01 "Behold I give you 39:02 the authority to trample on serpents and scorpions, 39:05 and over all the power of the enemy, 39:07 and nothing shall by any means hurt you." 39:10 By the way in Scripture, 39:11 angels are compared to lamps. 39:16 Is Satan an angel? Yes. 39:19 He's a fallen star. 39:21 But angels are also called lamps. 39:24 Notice, Ezekiel 1:13, 14. 39:30 "As for the likeness of the living creatures," 39:32 which are angels, "their appearance 39:34 was like burning coals of fire, 39:38 like the appearance of," what? 39:41 "Torches." Interesting. 39:44 "Going back and forth among the living creatures. 39:47 The fire was bright, 39:49 and out of the fire went," what? 39:51 I saw Satan fall like what? 39:54 "Like lightning." 39:55 Angels here are compared to lamps. 39:58 Verse 14, "And the living creatures 40:00 ran back and forth, 40:02 in appearance like a flash of," what? 40:05 "Like a flash of lightning." 40:09 Top of page 75. 40:11 As we have already seen, however, the star that falls 40:16 from heaven at this point cannot directly represent whom? 40:20 Satan. 40:22 Because he had already fallen long before, 40:25 both from heaven and at the cross. 40:28 Then the star must represent 40:30 something that came later. 40:34 Now, let's go one step further. 40:37 Not only is Satan spoken of as a star, 40:41 and also angel spoken of as lamps or as torches, 40:46 as it says here because in the New Testament 40:50 the lamp is actually a torch. 40:53 They did not have lamps like we know today. 40:56 The lamps were actually torches. 40:59 So, stars not only represent angels in the Bible, 41:03 they frequently also represent God's people 41:07 who are agents of God in preaching the pure gospel. 41:11 In Revelation 1:20. 41:13 The seven stars in the right hand of Jesus 41:16 represent what? 41:18 The messengers or the pastors of the seven churches. 41:24 So yes, Satan is spoken of as a star, 41:27 a falling star, 41:28 but the star can also represent what? 41:31 Can also represent God's people. 41:34 Notice, Revelation 1:20, 41:37 "The mystery of the seven stars 41:38 which you saw in My right hand, 41:40 and the seven golden lampstands. 41:43 The seven stars are the," what? 41:46 Are the angels or the messengers, better, 41:49 "of the seven churches, 41:51 and the seven lampstands which you saw are," what? 41:55 "The seven churches." 41:57 Now the seven stars are in the right hand of Jesus. 42:01 And this represents the fact that Jesus, what? 42:05 He directs the work of these messengers. 42:08 The seven churches represent what? 42:12 Seven consecutive eras or periods of church history. 42:16 So, the seven stars must represent the messengers 42:19 or pastors that proclaim 42:21 God's message to the church in each of those periods. 42:24 Are you understanding my point? 42:26 Now, that is to say each of the seven churches 42:29 has one star. 42:30 And each of those stars 42:32 represents the religious leaders 42:34 of that particular period, 42:36 represented by that church. 42:39 These preachers were to keep the truth 42:42 of the pure gospel, how? 42:45 Alive. 42:47 They were not to be fallen stars. 42:50 They were to be stars fixed in heaven, 42:52 giving their light. 42:54 Let's continue. 42:56 Revelation 12:1, because we're taught, 42:59 we're saying that the stars not only represent angels 43:03 but they also represent what? 43:05 Human beings that do the bidding of the Lord. 43:08 In Revelation 12:1, these twelve stars 43:11 on the crown of the woman represent what? 43:14 The twelve apostles of the lamb. 43:17 What did they do? 43:19 They taught the truths as it is in Jesus. 43:22 In Zechariah 9:16, 43:25 the prophet saw the final remnant, 43:27 under a symbol of stars on a crown of glory. 43:31 In Daniel 8:10 and 24, 43:35 we're told that the little horn cast down the stars 43:38 which represents those who have been, 43:41 who are persecuted 43:43 during the period of papal dominion. 43:45 And in Daniel 12:3, we're told that the wise 43:49 will shine as stars forever and ever. 43:53 So, do stars represent God's faithful people as well? 43:57 Absolutely. 43:58 As long as they're not fallen stars by the way. 44:01 Now, Ellen White gives this insightful comment 44:04 about the stars. 44:06 This is found in Acts of the Apostles, 44:08 page 586 and 587. 44:14 "These things saith he that holdeth 44:16 the seven stars in his right hand. 44:19 These words are spoken to," what? 44:22 "To the teachers in the church, 44:25 those entrusted by God with weigh responsibilities." 44:28 So, what do the stars represent? 44:31 The teachers and the church. 44:34 And they're entrusted with what? 44:36 With weighty responsibilities. 44:38 The sweet influences that are to be abundant 44:41 in the church are bound up with God's what? 44:44 Ministers, who are to reveal the love of Christ. 44:48 The stars of heaven are under His control. 44:51 He fills them with light. 44:54 He guides and directs their movements. 44:57 What would happen if they did not, 45:00 they were not directed by Christ? 45:03 If He did not do this, they would become what? 45:06 Fallen stars. 45:08 Are you understanding this point? 45:11 Saul with his ministers, 45:13 they are but instruments in his hands 45:16 and all the good they accomplished 45:17 is done through His power, 45:20 through them His light is to shine forth, 45:22 the Savior's to be there efficiency. 45:25 If they will look to Him as He look to the Father, 45:28 they will be unable to do whose work? 45:31 His work. 45:32 As they make God their dependence, 45:34 He will give them His brightness 45:36 to reflect to the world. 45:37 Isn't that a marvelous statement? 45:39 Yes. 45:40 So, the Satan have fallen stars that do his bidding. 45:43 He is the fallen star, but does he have fallen stars? 45:46 Yes. 45:47 Does, is Jesus the bright and morning star? 45:49 Yes. 45:51 Does He also have stars that do His bidding? 45:53 Absolutely. But they're not fallen stars. 45:55 They're stars that are fixed in heaven 45:57 that are shedding light. 45:59 I hope you're following me. 46:01 Now, let's take a look 46:03 at the positive side of the burning lamp. 46:06 There's a positive side to the star as a burning lamp. 46:10 The word lamp which in Greek is lampades. 46:15 In Revelation 8:8 refers to a burning torch. 46:19 John 18:3 uses the identical word 46:22 to describe the Pharisees 46:24 who came with torches to arrest Jesus. 46:28 So, the lamp is really a torch back then. 46:31 Acts 20:8 describes the torches 46:35 that provided light when the Apostle Paul 46:38 was long winded one night 46:41 and preached till after midnight 46:43 and Eutychius fell out of the window 46:46 and had to be resurrected by the power of God. 46:49 And you think I'm long winded, I tell people. 46:53 Now Scripture not only compares God's people to stars 46:57 but also to what? 46:59 To lamps. 47:00 Satan is a star but he's a lamp, a fallen lamp. 47:04 God's people are stars 47:06 and they're lamps, but they're not fallen lamps. 47:09 Notice Isaiah 61:1, 2, 47:12 where we are told that Scripture not only compares 47:15 God's people to stars, but also to lamps 47:18 or torches that shed God's light 47:20 upon a world of darkness. 47:23 Isaiah 62:1, 2, "For Zion's sake 47:27 I will not hold My peace, 47:29 and for Jerusalem's sake I will not rest, 47:32 until her righteousness goes forth as," what? 47:37 "As brightness, and her salvation as," what? 47:40 "As a lamp that burns. 47:43 The Gentiles shall see your righteousness, 47:45 and all kings your glory." 47:47 That's the glory of a lamp, the glory of the torch. 47:51 "You shall be called by a new name, 47:53 which the mouth of the Lord will name." 47:56 Let's skip the next one. 47:57 2 Corinthians 4:5, 6 because we need to advance. 48:01 Let's go to Matthew 5:14-16. 48:05 Jesus said to His followers, you are the, what? 48:09 Now wait a minute, 48:10 I thought Jesus is the light of the world. 48:14 You know, does Jesus contradict Himself 48:16 when He says, 48:17 I am the light of the world, you are the light of the world. 48:19 No, He is the sun and we are moons. 48:24 The sun is original light, 48:27 the moon reflects the light of the sun. 48:30 So, Jesus is the morning star, but those who are His followers 48:33 and preach the pure gospel 48:35 are stars under the leadership of the star. 48:38 So, He says, 48:39 "You are the light of the world. 48:41 A city that is set on a hill cannot be hidden. 48:44 Nor do they light a lamp." 48:45 Now it's not the same word lampades, 48:47 it is the word luchnon, but it's a synonym. 48:51 "Nor do they light a lamp and put it under a basket, 48:56 but on a lampstand," the word luchnia, 48:59 "and it gives light," lampo, 49:02 so you see that the word luchnos and the word, 49:06 the word lampades are synonymous. 49:11 So, it says, "Nor do they give, 49:13 do they light a lamp and put it under a basket, 49:17 but on a lampstand, 49:18 and it gives light to all who are in the house." 49:22 And then he says what? 49:23 "Let your light," 49:25 which is the light of a lamp, right? 49:26 "Let your light so shine before men, 49:29 that they may see your good works." 49:32 What is the light? 49:34 "It's the character, the good work that 49:35 they may see your good works 49:37 and glorify your Father who is in heaven." 49:41 Now I'm not going to read the next passage 49:43 because you're very well acquainted with it. 49:45 It's the parable of the ten virgins. 49:47 Interesting. 49:48 The word lamp is used several times. 49:51 It's highlighted there. 49:53 What do the bridesmaids represent? 49:57 They represent God's people 49:59 that are lighting the way to the marriage chamber, 50:03 the marriage of Jesus with His people, 50:06 with His corporate people, isn't it? 50:09 So, are God's people compared to lamps? 50:13 They most certainly are compared to lamps. 50:16 Now let's go to the next page, page 78. 50:20 The passage in Matthew 25 describes God's people 50:24 as illuminating the way 50:26 to the bridegroom's chamber for the wedding. 50:29 The idea in this parable 50:31 is that human beings shed light, like a what? 50:35 Like a lamp. 50:37 Notice this interesting statement 50:39 from Christ Object Lessons, page 414. 50:43 "So, the followers of Christ are to shed light 50:46 into the darkness of the world. 50:49 Through the Holy Spirit," 50:50 that's the oil in the lamp by the way, 50:53 "God's word is a light 50:54 as it becomes a transforming power 50:57 in the life of the receiver. 50:59 By implanting in their hearts the principles of His word 51:03 the Holy Spirit develops in men the attributes of God, 51:06 the light of His glory, His character is to," what? 51:10 "Is to shine forth in His followers." 51:14 So, whose is the original glory? 51:17 Jesus. We are reflected glory. 51:21 Is that true of Satan's work too? 51:23 Satan is a fallen star, the fallen lamp. 51:26 So, does he work through other fallen lamps? 51:28 He most certainly does or fallen stars. 51:31 Then she concludes by saying, 51:32 "Thus they are to glorify God to lighten the path 51:35 to the bridegroom's home to the City of God, 51:38 to the marriage supper of the Lamb." 51:40 I don't know if we'll be 51:41 able to get to the part in our... 51:44 study notes, dealing with marriage customs. 51:47 You want to read that, 51:49 because sometimes God's people are spoken 51:52 of as guests to the wedding. 51:55 And they're also called the bride. 51:57 So how can they be the bride and the guests? 51:59 Well, we might not have time to get there, 52:01 but it's very carefully explained in the section 52:04 towards the end of the study notes 52:06 on the marriage. 52:09 Now, Revelation 4:5 is a very interesting verse. 52:14 Let's read it, 52:16 "And from the throne proceeded lightnings, 52:18 thunderings, and voices. 52:20 Seven lamps," it's the same word lampades, 52:23 "seven lamps of fire were burning 52:25 before the throne, 52:26 which are the seven Spirits of God." 52:28 So, what do this? 52:29 What does the seven-branched candlestick represent? 52:33 It represents the church, 52:36 and the church receives the oil and the church gives what? 52:40 Light. 52:41 Because the lampstand represents the seven churches, 52:44 seven periods of church history. 52:47 So, during the seven periods of church history, 52:49 the oil goes into the lamp in that period of the church, 52:53 and the church gives what? 52:55 The church gives light. 52:57 So, you know, it's the church 53:00 that sheds the light of Jesus Christ 53:02 through the power of the Holy Spirit. 53:04 Incidentally, the Bible also speaks 53:06 of the Word of God as a lamp. 53:10 Well, what do God's people preach? 53:13 Well, they preach the Word, right? 53:15 So, God's people are the lamp 53:17 because they preach the content that is found in the lamp, 53:22 if you please. 53:23 So, it says in Psalm 119:105, 53:26 "Your word is a lamp to my feet, 53:30 and a light to my path." 53:33 And finally, John the Baptist is called a shining lamp. 53:39 Whom did John the Baptist give witness to? 53:42 He gave witness to Jesus. 53:44 In fact, it says in John 1, he was not the light. 53:48 And yet in John 5:35, he's called a lamp. 53:52 So, what was John the Baptist? 53:54 He was a lesser light that led people to what? 53:59 To the greater light. 54:01 Top of page 79. 54:05 Very interesting statement of Ellen White. 54:08 Speaking to the youth of the church. 54:10 "You are God's," what? 54:13 "God's light bearer. 54:16 He has placed in your hands a," what? 54:19 "A lamp." What is the lamp? 54:22 The Word of God. 54:24 "He has placed in your hands a lamp 54:26 that you are to keep trimmed 54:29 and burning for Him." 54:33 So, are you following me so far? 54:35 Now, let's look at the negative side 54:37 of the lamp and we might not be 54:39 able to finish this particular section 54:40 but let's do our best 54:42 before our first session is over. 54:45 Revelation 8:8 indicates that the ministers 54:48 and teachers that is the angel 54:50 or the star of the church of this period 54:54 were supposed to do what? 54:56 They were supposed to shine as lamps. 54:59 Instead what happened? 55:01 They fell from their post and defile the waters. 55:05 In other words, the teachers started teaching what? 55:09 Error, heresy, apostate ideas. 55:14 Ellen White wrote in Bible Echo, 55:18 November 1, 1892, Satan had been Lucifer. 55:22 What was he? The light bearer. 55:25 In other words, it was God's light 55:26 that shone in him, the light bearer, 55:29 the sharer of God's glory in heaven. 55:33 Before sin, Lucifer was the light bearer, 55:36 a shining star, like a lamp that brought glory to whom? 55:41 To God. 55:42 However, when he became proud, 55:44 and sought to bring glory to himself, 55:46 he defiled and embittered the angels 55:49 with false accusations against God. 55:52 As a result, he fell from heaven 55:54 and he became what? 55:55 He became a falling star, a fallen star or a fallen lamp. 56:01 Something similar occurred in the apostolic church. 56:05 Originally it reflected the purity 56:07 of the Gospel of Jesus. 56:09 However, in the course of time, 56:11 it fell into apostasy, poisoned the pure waters 56:14 of the gospel and brought in spiritual deaths. 56:19 Proverbs 13:9 tells us 56:22 the light of the righteous rejoices, 56:25 but the lamp of the wicked will be put out. 56:28 So, are the wicked spoken of as lamps also? 56:31 Absolutely. 56:33 Jude 11 to 13 speaks of wandering stars 56:37 that have no anchor and compares them 56:40 to three notable apostates of the Old Testament. 56:43 Cain, Korah, and Balaam. 56:47 Let's read those verses. 56:49 Woe to them for they have gone in the way of Cain, 56:52 have run greedily in the error of Balaam for profit 56:55 and perished in the rebellion of Korah. 56:57 These are spots in your love feasts 56:59 while they feast with you 57:01 without fear serving only themselves. 57:03 They are clouds without water, carried about by the winds, 57:06 late autumn trees without fruit, 57:09 twice dead, pulled up by the roots, 57:12 raging waves of the sea, forming up their own shame." 57:16 And then it says what? 57:17 Wandering what? 57:19 "Wandering stars for whom 57:22 is reserved the blackness of," what? 57:25 "Of darkness forever." 57:27 In contrast to the falling star, 57:30 and those who study 57:31 the prophecy of the morning star, 57:33 the morning star rises in their hearts. 57:36 Thus, the rising star stands 57:39 in contrast to the falling star. 57:43 You understand what we've studied so far? 57:46 Now we still have to talk about the pollution of waters, 57:50 the fountains of waters 57:51 and the bitterness, the Wormwood. 57:53 And that will be the subject 57:54 that we will study in our next exciting episode. |
Revised 2020-07-30